1,613
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Teaching handwashing with soap for schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic population in northern rural Vietnam

, , , &
Article: 20288 | Received 17 Dec 2012, Accepted 31 Mar 2013, Published online: 24 Apr 2013

References

  • Curtis V . Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review. Health Educ Res. 2009; 24: 655–73.
  • Curtis V , Caincross S . Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3: 275–81.
  • Curtis V , Schmidt W , Luby S , Florez R , Toure O , Biran A . Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 312–21.
  • Fewtrell L , Kaufmann RB , Kay D , Enanoria W , Haller L , Colford JM Jr . Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005; 5: 42–52.
  • Luby SP , Agboatwalla M , Feikin DR , Painter J , Ward BM , Altaf A , etal. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366: 225–33.
  • Biran A , Schmidt WP , Wright R , Jones T , Seshadri M , Isaac P , etal. The effect of a soap promotion and hygiene education campaign on handwashing behaviour in rural India: a cluster randomised trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2009; 14: 1303–14.
  • Greene LE , Freeman MC , Akoko D , Saboori S , Moe C , Rheingans R . Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in Western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 87: 385–93.
  • Jasper C , Le TT , Bartram J . Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9: 2772–87.
  • Luby SP , Halder AK , Huda T , Unicomb L , Johnston RB . The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med. 2011; 8: 1–12.
  • Patel MK , Harris JR , Juliao P , Nygren B , Were V , Kola S , etal. Impact of a hygiene curriculum and the installation of simple handwashing and drinking water stations in rural Kenyan primary schools on student health and hygiene practices. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 87: 594–601.
  • Vindigni SM , Riley PL , Jhung M . Systematic review: handwashing behaviour in low- to middle-income countries: outcome measures and behaviour maintenance. Trop Med Int Health. 2011; 16: 466–77.
  • Bowen A , Ma H , Ou J , Billhimer W , Long T , Mintz E , etal. A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 76: 1166–73.
  • Blanton E , Ombeki S , Oluoch GO , Mwaki A , Wannemuehler K , Quick R . Evaluation of the role of school children in the promotion of point-of-use water treatment and handwashing in schools and households—Nyanza Province, Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 82. 2007; 2010: 664–71.
  • Dongre AR , Deshmukh PR , Boratne AV , Thaware P , Garg BS . An approach to hygiene education among rural Indian school going children. Online J Health Allied Sci. 2007; 6: 1–6.
  • Onyango-Oumaa W , Aagaard-Hansenb J , Jensenc BB . The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61: 1711–22.
  • O'reilly CE , Freeman MC , Ravani M , Migele J , Mwaki A , Ayalo M , etal. The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya. Epidemiol Infect ; 136. 2006; 2008: 80–91.
  • UNICEF. Children as agents of change: lessons from UNICEF, 2010. Available from: http://www.globalhandwashingday.org/Lessons_UNICEF.asp [cited 20 February 2011].
  • UNICEF. Raising clean hands: call to action for WASH in schools advocacy 2010. 2010; The Netherlands: UNICEF. 32.
  • UNICEF, IRC. Bolt E , Shordt K , Krukkert I . School sanitation and hygiene education results from the assessment of 6-country pilot project. 2006; The Netherlands: UNICEF, IRC. 48.
  • World Health Organisation. Water, sanitation and hygiene standards in schools in low-cost settings. 2009; Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Thai TQ . Vietnam primary education. 2006; Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry of Education and Training.
  • Vietnam Socialist of Republic. Millennium development goals 2010 national report: Vietnam 2/3 of the way achieving the millennium development goals and towards 2015. 2010; Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry of Planning and Investment.
  • UNICEF Vietnam. An analysis of the situation of children in Vietnam 2010 – executive summary. 2011; Hanoi, Vietnam: UNICEF.
  • Rheinländer T . The social reality of hygiene and sanitation—understanding community responses to government promotional strategies among ethnic minorities of northern Vietnam. in Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology. 2011; Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen. 180.
  • Xuan LT , Hoat LN , Rheinländer T , Dalsgaard A , Konradsen F . Sanitation behaviour among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic area of Northern rural Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2011; 12: 140.
  • Ministry of Education and Training. The transition of ethnic minority girls from primary to lower secondary education. 2010; Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry of Education and Training. 105.
  • Vietnamese National Target Program. Operational strategies for promotion of sanitation and hygiene to target groups in the Northern Provinces of Dien Bien, Lai Chau and Lao Cai 2008–2010. 2008; Hanoi, Vietnam: Vietnam Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry.
  • Xuan LT , Hoat NG . Handwashing among schoolchildren in an ethnically diverse population in northern rural Vietnam. Glob Health Action. 2013; 6: 1–8.
  • Xuan LT . Understanding hygiene behaviour among schoolchildren in a multi-ethnic population in Northern rural Vietnam, in Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. 2012; Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen. 131.
  • Vietnam Administration of Preventive Medicine, MOH, UNICEF, WSRC. Environmental sanitation at schools and some public places in rural Vietnam. 2007; Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry of Health. 115.
  • Nguyen NK . The development of an entertainment education program to promote handwashing with soap among primary school children in Vietnam. 2010. The Vietnam Handwashing Initiative, Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), World Bank.
  • Cogswell L , Thu LTA . Enabling environment assessment and baseline for scaling up handwashing programs. 2008; Hanoi, Vietnam: Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank.
  • McDonald E , Bailie R . Hygiene improvement: essential in improving child health in remote Aboriginal communities. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010; 46: 491–6.
  • Netto G , Bhopal R , Lederle N , Khatoon J , Jackson A . How can health promotion interventions be adapted for minority ethnic communities? Five principles for guiding the development of behavioural interventions. Health Promot Int. 2010; 25: 248–57.
  • Dongre AR , Deshmukh PR , Garg BS . Health-promoting school initiative in Ashram schools of Wardha district. Natl Med J India. 2011; 24: 140–3.
  • Rohde JE , Sadjimin T . Elementary-school pupils as health educators: role of school health programmes in primary health-care. Lancet. 1980; 1: 1350–2.
  • Rosen L , Brody D , Zucker D , Manor O , Meier M , Rosen B , etal. Spreading the handwashing message: an alternative to traditional media campaigns. Am J Infect Control. 2010; 56: 562–4.
  • Chittleborough CR , Nicholson AL , Basker T , Bell S , Campbell R . Factors influencing hand washing behaviour in primary schools: process evaluation within a randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res. 2012; 27: 1055–68.
  • Ferrance E . Action research: themes in education. The Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory. 2000; United States: Brown University.
  • O'Brien R , Richardson R . An overview of the methodological approach of action research. Theory and practice of action research. 2001; United States: Brown University. 1–12.
  • UNICEF. Stuart Teresa H . Chapter 4: hygiene promotion. Behavior change communication in emergencies: a toolkit.
  • CERWASS. IEC database at the National Center for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation CERWASS. CERWASS. 2008; Hanoi, Vietnam: Vietnam Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry. Available from: http://www.cerwas.org.vn/wesieclib [cited 10 April 2010].
  • Ministry of Education and Training, UNICEF. Guidelines for education of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation at primary and secondary schools. 2009; Hanoi: Ministry of Education and Training & UNICEF.
  • QRS International Pty Ltd. NVivo8. 1999
  • IngeNandrup-Bus R . Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control. 2009; 37: 820–6.
  • Vachirarojpisan T , Shinada K , Kawaguchi Y . The process and outcome of a programme for preventing early childhood caries in Thailand. Community Dent Health. 2005; 22: 253–9.
  • Onyango-Ouma W , Aagaard-Hansen J , Jensen BB . Changing concepts of health and illness among children of primary school age in Western Kenya. Health Educ Res. 2004; 19: 326–39.
  • Tran H . The policy-making context and policies of education and training in Vietnam. 2000; Indochina Unit, Vietnam: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Christie P . Learning guide: part 1. 2005; Queensland: The University of Queensland.
  • Aikman S , Pridmore P . Multigrade schooling in ‘remote’ areas of Vietnam. Int J Educ Dev. 2001; 21: 521–36.
  • Park C . Learning style preferences of Southeast Asian students. Urban Educ. 2000; 35: 245–68.
  • Le N . A case study of cooperative learning in inorganic chemistry tutorials at the Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City. 1999; Canada: Simon Fraser University.
  • Samuelowicz K . Learning problems of overseas students: two sides of a story. High Educ Res Dev. 1987; 6: 121–33.
  • Gow L , Kember D . Does higher education promote independent learning?. High Educ. 1990; 19: 307–22.
  • Rydstrom H . ‘Like a white piece of paper’. Embodiment and the moral upbringing of Vietnamese children. Ethnos. 2001; 66: 394–413.
  • Loevinsohn BP . Health education intervention in developing countries: a methodological review of published articles. Int J Epidemiol. 1990; 19: 788–94.
  • Thanh PTH . Implementing a student-centered learning approach at Vietnamese Higher Education Institutions: barriers under layers of casual layered analysis. Futures Stud. 2010; 15: 21–38.
  • Save the Children. Changing hygiene behaviour in schools and communities: successes and lessons learned from Nasirnagar, Bangladesh. 2009. Save the Children.
  • CDC. Tippy taps: a design for simple, economical, and effective handwashing station. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/publications_pages/tippy-tap.pdf [cited 18 February 2012].
  • Antunes Ldos S , Antunes LA , Corvino MP . Educative practices and attitudes within the pre-school environment: evaluating the education professionals. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22: 340–5.
  • Elliott J . Action research for educational change. 1991; Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
  • Abramson JH . Survey methods in community medicine. 1990; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Rheinländer T , Xuan LT , Hoat L , Dalsgaard A , Konradsen F . Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities?. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71: 994–1001.