Using HIV-attributable mortality to assess the impact of antiretroviral therapy on adult mortality in rural Tanzania

References

• Porter K, Zaba B. The empirical evidence for the impact of HIV on adult mortality in the developing world: data from serological studies. AIDS. 2004; 18: S9–S17. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Timaeus IM, Jasseh M. Adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys. Demography. 2004; 41: 757–72. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Dorrington R, Bourne D, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Timæus IM. The impact of HIV/AIDS on adult mortality in South Africa. 2001; Cape Town: Medical Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Pathipvanich P, Ariyoshi K, Rojanawiwat A, Wongchoosie S, Yingseree P, Yoshiike K, etal. Survival benefit from non-highly active antiretroviral therapy in a resource-constrained setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 32: 157–60. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P, etal. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1725–30. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hogg RS, Yip B, Kully C, Craib KJP, O'shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, etal. Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens. CMAJ. 1999; 160: 659–65. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Jahn A, Floyd S, Crampin AC, Mwaungulu F, Mvula H, Munthali F, etal. Population-level effect of HIV on adult mortality and early evidence of reversal after introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. Lancet. 2008; 371: 1603–11. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Chihana M, Floyd S, Molesworth A, Crampin AC, Kayuni N, Price A, etal. Adult mortality and probable cause of death in rural northern Malawi in the era of HIV treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: e74–e82. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Herbst AJ, Cooke GS, Bärnighausen T, KanyKany A, Tanser F, Newell M, etal. Adult mortality and antiretroviral treatment roll-out in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2009; 87: 754–62. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Kasamba I, Baisley K, Mayanja BN, Maher D, Grosskurth H. The impact of antiretroviral treatment on mortality trends of HIV-positive adults in rural Uganda: a longitudinal population-based study, 1999–2009. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: e66–e73. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Wringe A, Floyd S, Kazooba P, Mushati P, Baisley K, Urassa M, etal. Antiretroviral therapy uptake and coverage in four HIV community cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: e38–e48. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Marston M, Michael D, Wringe A, Isingo R, Clark BD, Jonas A, etal. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on adult mortality in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: e58–e65. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Urassa M, Boerma JT, Isingo R, Ngalula J, Ng'weshemi J, Mwaluko G, etal. The impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality and household mobility in rural Tanzania. AIDS. 2001; 15: 2017–23. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Michael D, Kanjala C, Calvert C, Pretorius C, Wringe A, Todd J, etal. Does the Spectrum model accurately predict trends in adult mortality? Evaluation of model estimates using empirical data from a rural HIV community cohort study in north-western Tanzania. Glob Health Action. 2014; 7: 21783. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Boerma JT, Urassa M, Nnko S, Ng'weshemi J, Isingo R, Zaba B, etal. Sociodemographic context of the AIDS epidemic in a rural area in Tanzania with a focus on people's mobility and marriage. Sex Transm Infect. 2002; 78: i97–i105. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Todd G. Youth livelihoods: circular migration and aspirations in Kisesa, Tanzania. 2012; (Unpublished master's thesis). United Kingdom: London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Lopman B, Cook A, Smith J, Chawira G, Urassa M, Kumogola Y, etal. Verbal autopsy can consistently measure AIDS mortality: a validation study in Tanzania and Zimbabwe. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010; 64: 330–4. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Aspin J, Pinchuk M. International Standard Verbal Autopsy Questionnaires. Verbal autopsy standards: ascertaining and attributing cause of death. 2007; Geneva: WHO Press. pp. 34–51.
   Google Scholar
• Boerma JT, Urassa M, Senkoro K, Klokke A, Ngweshemi JZ. Spread of HIV infection in a rural area of Tanzania. AIDS. 1999; 13: 1233–40. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Mwita W, Urassa M, Isingo R, Ndege M, Marston M, Slaymaker E, etal. HIV prevalence and incidence in rural Tanzania: results from 10 years of follow-up in an open cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007; 46: 616. [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Zaba B, Urassa M, Marston M, Isingo R, Changalucha J, Jonas A, etal. Direct evidence of recent declines in HIV prevalence and incidence in a rural population open cohort in Northern Tanzania, 1994–2007. 2010
   Google Scholar
• Zaba B, Calvert C, Marston M, Isingo R, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Lutalo T, etal. Effect of HIV infection on pregnancy-related mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: secondary analyses of pooled community-based data from the network for Analysing Longitudinal Population-based HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA). Lancet. 2013; 381: 1763–71. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC. Medical statistics, 2nd ed. 2003. p. 238; Malden: Blackwell Science.
   Google Scholar
• Byass P, Chandramohan D, Clark SJ, D'Ambruoso L, Fottrell E, Graham WJ, etal. Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data: the new InterVA-4 tool. Glob Health Action. 2012; 5: 1–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Floyd S, Molesworth A, Dube A, Banda E, Jahn A, Mwafulirwa C, etal. Population-level reduction in adult mortality after extension of free anti-retroviral therapy provision into rural areas in Northern Malawi. PLoS One. 2010; 5: 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isingo R, Wringe A, Todd J, Urassa M, Mbata D, Maiseli G, etal. Trends in the uptake of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV in rural Tanzania in the context of the scale up of antiretroviral therapy. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: e15–e25. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Timaeus IM. Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from national surveys and censuses. AIDS. 1998; 12: S15–S27. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Somi G, Keogh SC, Todd J, Kilama B, Wringe A, Van Den Hombergh J, etal. Low mortality risk but high loss to follow-up among patients in the Tanzanian national HIV care and treatment programme. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: 497–506. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Reniers G, Araya T, Davey G, Nagelkerke N, Berhane Y, Coutinho R, etal. Steep declines in population-level AIDS mortality following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIDS. 2009; 23: 511–18. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Oti SO, Kyobutungi C. Verbal autopsy interpretation: a comparative analysis of the InterVA model versus physician review in determining causes of death in the Nairobi DSS. Popul Health Metr. 2010; 8: 21. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Tensou B, Araya T, Telake DS, Byass P, Berhane Y, Kebebew T, etal. Evaluating the InterVA model for determining AIDS mortality from verbal autopsies in the adult population of Addis Ababa. Trop Med Int Health. 2010; 15: 547–53. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Byass P, Kahn K, Fottrell E, Mee P, Collinson MA, Tollman SM. Using verbal autopsy to track epidemic dynamics: the case of HIV-related mortality in South Africa. Popul Health Metr. 2011; 9: 46. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar