Impact of HIV on and the constructions of masculinities among HIV-positive men in South Africa: implications for secondary prevention programs

References

• Rosen S, Larson B, Brennan A, Long L, Fox M, Mongwenyana C, etal. Economic outcomes of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa are sustained through three years on treatment. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e12731. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Bor J, Tanser F, Newell M-L, Barnighausen T. Nearly full employment recovery among South African HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: evidence from a large population cohort. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012; 31: 0407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell M-L, Barnighausen T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment. Science. 2013; 339: 961–5. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Shafer LA, Nsubunga RN, White R, Mayanja BN, Chapman R, O'brien K, etal. Antiretroviral therapy and sexual behaviour in Uganda: a cohort study. AIDS. 2011; 25: 671–8. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kembabaziz A, Bunjunirwe F, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Muzoora C, Haberer JE, etal. Disinhibition in risky sexual behaviour in men, but not women, during four years of antiretroviral therapy in rural, Southwestern Uganda. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e69634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisele TP, Mathews C, Chopra M, Brown L, Silvestre E, Daries V, etal. High levels of risk behaviour among people living with HIV initiating and waiting to start antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2008; 12: 570–577. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health Republic of South Africa. The South African antiretroviral treatment guidelines. 2013. Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Advancing HIV prevention: new strategies for a changing epidemic. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2003; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 329–32.
   Google Scholar
• Dageid W, Govender K, Gordon SF. Masculinity and HIV disclosure among heterosexual South African men: implications for HIV/AIDS intervention. Cult Health Sex. 2012; 14: 925–40. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Skovdal M, Campbell C, Madanhire C, Mupambiyeri Z, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Masculinity as a barrier to men's use of HIV services in Zimbabwe. Global Health. 2011; 7: 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow RC, Madalane M, Poulsen M. Are men testing? Sex differentials in HIV testing in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2010; 22: 1060–5. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod R. Maculinity and the persistence of AIDS stigma. Cult Health Sex. 2011; 13: 443–56. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Siu GE, Wight D, Seeley J. How a masculine work ethic and economic circumstances affect uptake of HIV treatment: experiences of men from an artisanal gold mining community in rural eastern Uganda. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012; 15: 17368. [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Lynch I, Brouard PW, Visser MJ. Constructions of masculinity among a group of South African men living with HIV/AIDS: reflections on resistance and change. Cult Health Sex. 2010; 12: 15–27. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Connell RW. Gender and power. 1987; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell R. Of boys and men: masculinity and gender in Southern African studies. Masculinities S Afr. 1998; 24: 605–702.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell R, Jewkes R, Lindegger G. Hegemonic masculinity/masculinities in South Africa: culture, power, and gender politics. Men Masculinities. 2012; 15: 11–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell RW, Messerschmidt JW. Hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept. Gender Soc. 2005; 19: 829–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell RW. The big picture: masculinities in recent world history. Theor Soc. 1993; 22: 597–623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans T, Wallace P. A prison within a prison? The masculinity narratives of male prisoners. Men Masculinities. 2008; 10: 484–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay WH. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 50: 1385–1401. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Groes-Green C. Hegemonic and subordinated masculinities: class, violence and sexual performance among young Mozambican Men. Nord J Afr Stud. 2009; 18: 286–304.
   Google Scholar
• Ratele K. Subordinate black South African men without fear. Cahiers d’Études Afr. 2013; 1–2: 247–68.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Sikweyiya Y, Morrell R, Dunkle K. Gender inequitable masculinity and sexual entitlement in rape perpetration South Africa: findings of a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e29590. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Morrell R. Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010; 13: 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig-Visagie LH, van Eeden J. Gendered representations of fatherhood in contemporary South African church imagery from three Afrikaans corporate churches. Verbum Ecclesia. 2013; 34: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell JBJ, Raffaelli M. An exploratory study of constructions of masculinity, sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Namibia, Southern Africa. Cult Health Sex. 2005; 7: 585–98. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hunter M. Cultural politics and masculinities: multiple-partners in historical perspective in KwaZulu-Natal. Cult Health Sex. 2005; 7: 209–23. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Hunter M. Masculinities and multiple-sexual-partners in KwaZulu-Natal: the making and unmaking of Isoka. Transformation. 2004; 54: 123–53.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter M. Love in the time of AIDS: inequality, gender, and rights in South Africa. 2010; Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. 1963; Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ouzgane L. Islamic masculinities. 2006; London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Archer L. ‘Muslim brothers, black lads, traditional Asians’: British Muslim young men's constructions of race religion and masculinity. Femin Psychol. 2001; 11: 79–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel M. Manhood in America: a cultural history. 1996; New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunk TW. It's a working man's town: male working-class culture. 1991; Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Staples R. Black masculinity: the black male's role in American society. 1982; San Francisco, CA: Black Scholar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood K, Jewkes R. Morrell R. Dangerous’ love: reflections on violence among Xhosa township youth. Changing men in Southern Africa. 2001; Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. 317–36.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren L, Emmelin M, Winkvist M. Qualitative methodology for international public health. 2004; Umea, Sweden: Print and Media, Umea University.
   Google Scholar
• Hennink M, Hutter I, Bailey A. Qualitative research methods. 2011; Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman D. Interpreting qualitative data. Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. 2002; New Delhi: Sage. 2nd ed.
   Google Scholar
• Walker L. Men behaving differently: South African men since 1994. Cult Health Sex. 2005; 7: 225–38. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Lindegger G, Durrheim K. Stones C. Men, HIV/AIDS and masculinity, in socio-political and psychological perspectives on South Africa. 2001; New York: Nova Publishers. 229–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gray J. Becoming adherent: experiences of persons living with HIV/AIDS. J Assoc Nurs AIDS Care. 2006; 17: 47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell R. Changing men in Southern Africa. 2001; Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton AL, Revenson TA, Tennen H. Health psychology: psychological adjustment to chronic disease. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2007; 58: 565–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams N, Jewkes R. Barriers to post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) completion after rape: a South African qualitative study. Cult Health Sex. 2010; 12: 471–84. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Reihling H. Positive men: searching for relational dignity through health activism in a South African township. Soc Dyn. 2013; 39: 92–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker G, Ricardo C. Young men and the construction of masculinity in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for HIV/AIDS, conflict, and violence. 2005; Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Barker G. Dying to be men: youth and masculinity and social exclusion. 2005; Oxford, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell R, Jewkes R. “I am a male, although I am a little bit soft”: men who care in South Africa. 2009; Pretoria: Medical Research Council. A case study of masculinities and gender equality. Technical report.
   Google Scholar
• Barker G, Greene M, Nascimento M, Segundo M, Ricardo C, Taylor A, etal. Men who care: a multi-country qualitative study of men in non- traditional caregiving roles. 2012; Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).
   Google Scholar
• Gevers A, Jama Shai N, Sikweyiya Y. Gender-based violence and the need for evidence-based primary prevention in South Africa. Afr Saf Promot. 2013; 11: 14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin SL, Treves-Kagan S, Lippman SA. Gender-transformative interventions to reduce HIV risks and violence with heterosexuallly-active men: a review of the global evidence. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17: 2845–63. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Khuzwayo N, etal. A cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of stepping stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trials design, methods and baseline findings. Trop Med Int Health. 2006; 11: 3–11. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes R, Wood K, Duvurry N. “I woke up after I joined stepping stones”: meanings of an HIV behavioural intervention in rural South African young people's lives. Health Educ Res. 2010; 25: 1074–84. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Freire P. Pedagogy of the oppressed. 1973; New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar