Outcome of tuberculosis treatment in HIV-positive adults diagnosed through active versus passive case-finding

References

• World Health Organization. Policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities: guidelines for national programmes and other stakeholders. 2012; Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Dowdy DW, Basu S, Andrews JR. Is passive diagnosis enough? The impact of subclinical disease on diagnostic strategies for tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 187: 543–51.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey-Faussett P, Ayles H. Can we control tuberculosis in high HIV prevalence settings?. Tuberculosis. 2003; 83: 68–76.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis. 2013; Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Harris JB, Hatwiinda SM, Randels KM, Chi BH, Kancheya NG, Jham MA, etal. Early lessons from the integration of tuberculosis and HIV services in primary care centers in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12: 773–9.
   Google Scholar
• Howard AA, El-Sadr WM. Integration of tuberculosis and HIV services in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons learned. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50(Suppl 3): S238–44.
   Google Scholar
• Denegetu AW, Dolamo BL. Tuberculosis case finding and isoniazid preventive therapy among people living with HIV at public health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional facility based study. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14: 52.
   Google Scholar
• Balcha TT, Skogmar S, Sturegård E, Schön T, Winqvist N, Reepalu A, etal. A clinical scoring algorithm for determination of the risk of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-positive adults – a cohort study performed at Ethiopian health centers. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014; 1: 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hermans SM, van Leth F, Kiragga AN, Hoepelman AIM, Lange JMA, Manabe YC. Unrecognised tuberculosis at antiretroviral therapy initiation is associated with lower CD4+ T cell recovery. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17: 1527–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett IV, Wang B, Chetty S, Giddy J, Losina E, Mazibuko M, etal. Intensive tuberculosis screening for HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51: 823–9.
   Google Scholar
• Swindells S, Komarow L, Tripathy S, Cain KP, MacGregor RR, Achkar JM, etal. Screening for pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5253. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013; 17: 532–9.
   Google Scholar
• Reid MJ, Shah NS. Approaches to tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009; 9: 173–84.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Roadmap for rolling out Xpert MTB/RIF for rapid diagnosis of TB and MDR TB. 2010; Geneva: World Health Organization. 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Houben RM, Glynn JR, Bekker L-G, Wood R, Lawn SD. Yield of HIV-associated tuberculosis during intensified case finding in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 93–102.
   Google Scholar
• Balcha TT, Sturegård E, Winqvist N, Skogmar S, Reepalu A, Jemal ZH, etal. Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e85478.
   Google Scholar
• Lawn SD, Kranzer K, Edwards DJ, McNally M, Bekker L-G, Wood R. Tuberculosis during the first year of antiretroviral therapy in a South African cohort using an intensive pretreatment screening strategy. AIDS. 2010; 24: 1323–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schmaltz CAS, Santoro-Lopes G, Lourenço MC, Morgado MG, Velasque LDS, Rolla VC. Factors impacting early mortality in tuberculosis/HIV patients: differences between subjects naïve to and previously started on HAART. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e45704.
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Lawn SD, Meyer-Rath G, Vassall A, Raditlhalo E, Govindasamy D, etal. Feasibility, yield, and cost of active tuberculosis case finding linked to a mobile HIV service in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2012; 9: e1001281.
   Google Scholar
• Golub JE, Mohan CI, Comstock GW, Chaisson RE. Active case finding of tuberculosis: historical perspective and future prospects. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005; 9: 1183–203.
   Google Scholar
• Kranzer K, Afnan-Holmes H, Tomlin K, Golub JE, Shapiro AE, Corbett EL, etal. The benefits to communities and individuals of screening for active tuberculosis disease: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013; 17: 432–46.
   Google Scholar
• Skogmar S, Balcha TT, Jemal ZH, Bjork J, Deressa W, Schön T, etal. Development of a clinical scoring system for assessment of immunosuppression in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection without access to CD4 cell testing results from a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia. Glob Health Action. 2014; 1: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. Guidelines for clinical and programmatic management of TB, leprosy and TB/HIV in Ethiopia. Available from: http://www.etharc.org/resources/download/finish/33/709 [cited 19 December 2014]. 5th ed.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis. 2013; Geneva: World Health Organization. 1–40.
   Google Scholar
• Den Boon S, Verver S, Lombard CJ, Bateman ED, Irusen EM, Enarson DA, etal. Comparison of symptoms and treatment outcomes between actively and passively detected tuberculosis cases: the additional value of active case finding. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 1342–9.
   Google Scholar
• Shargie EB, Lindtjørn B. Determinants of treatment adherence among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Med. 2007; 4: e37.
   Google Scholar
• Lorent N, Choun K, Thai S, Kim T, Huy S, Pe R, etal. Community-based active tuberculosis case finding in poor urban settlements of Phnom Penh, Cambodia: a feasible and effective strategy. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e92754.
   Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Salomon JA. Expanding the WHO tuberculosis control strategy: rethinking the role of active case-finding. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998; 29(9 Suppl 1): S9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wachira J, Kimaiyo S, Ndege S, Mamlin J, Braitstein P. What is the impact of home-based HIV counseling and testing on the clinical status of newly enrolled adults in a large HIV care program in Western Kenya?. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54: 275–81.
   Google Scholar
• Martinson NA, Hoffmann CJ, Chaisson RE. Epidemiology of tuberculosis and HIV: recent advances in understanding and responses. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011; 8: 288–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson P, Gomes VF, Vieira CS, Samb B, Nauclér A, Aaby E, etal. Clinical predictors for death in HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis patients in Guinea-Bissau. Infection. 2007; 35: 69–80.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqi K, Lambert M-L, Walley J. Clinical diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income countries: the current evidence. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3: 288–96.
   Google Scholar