Influenza A viruses: an ecology review

References

• Jourdain E, Gunnarsson G, Wahlgren J, Latorre-Margalef N, Bröjer C, Sahlin S, et al.. Influenza virus in a natural host, the mallard: experimental infection data. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5: e8935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev. 1992; 56: 152–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenström J, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science. 2006; 312: 384–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005; 3: 591–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishida N, Sakoda Y, Isoda N, Matsuda K, Eto M, Sunaga Y, et al.. Pathogenicity of H5 influenza viruses for ducks. Arch Virol. 2005; 150: 1383–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Kishida N, Bai GR, Matsuda K, Umemura T. Pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) in different species of birds and mammals. Arch Virol. 2006; 151: 1267–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capua I, Mutinelli F. A colour atlas and text on avian influenza. Papi editore. Bologna, 2001
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Avian influenza A(H5N1)-update 31: situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks. 2004. available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_03_02/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Franco-Paredes C, Hernandez-Ramos I, Del Rio C, Alexander KT, Tapia-Conyer R, Santos-Preciado JI. H1N1 influenza pandemics: comparing the events of 2009 in Mexico with those of 1976 and 1918–1919. Arch Med Res. 2009; 40: 669–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson KR. The role of nursing in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Nurs Forum. 1990; 25: 19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Webster RG. The importance of animal influenza for human disease. Vaccine. 2002; 20: S16–S20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope-Simpson RE, Golubev DB. A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus. Epidemiol Infect. 1987; 99: 5–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio C, Hernandez-Avila M. Lessons from previous influenza pandemics and from the Mexican response to the current influenza pandemic. Arch Med Res. 2009; 40: 677–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Jeffery K, Harvey HA, Memoli MJ. The 1918 influenza pandemic: lessons for 2009 and the future. Crit Care Med. 2010; 38: e10–e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid AH, Fanning TG, Janczewski TA, Lourens RM, Taubenberger JK. Novel origin of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nucleoprotein gene. J Virol. 2004; 78: 12462–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovics J, Hood ME, Howell Baker C. Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?. Nature. 2006; 440: E9.; discussion E9–E10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Couceiro JNSS, Kelm S, Baum LG, Krauss S, Castrucci MR, et al.. Molecular basis for the generation in pigs of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. J Virol. 1998; 72: 7367–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander DJ. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microbiol. 2000; 74: 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouchier RA, Munster V, Wallensten A, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Smith D, et al.. Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. J Virol. 2005; 79: 2814–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallknecht DE, Shane SM. Host range of avian influenza virus in free-living birds. Vet Res Commun. 1988; 12: 125–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean WJ, Schell M, Katz J, Kawaoka Y, Naeve C, Gorman O, et al.. Evolution of the H3 influenza virus hemagglutinin from human and nonhuman hosts. J Virol. 1992; 66: 1129–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid AH, Fanning TG, Slemons RD, Janczewski TA, Dean J, Taubenberger JK. Relationship of pre-1918 avian influenza HA and NP sequences to subsequent avian influenza strains. Avian Dis. 2003; 47: 921–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Holmes EC. Avian influenza virus exhibits rapid evolutionary dynamics. Mol Biol Evol. 2006; 23: 2336–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster RG, Yakhno M, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Murti KG. Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology. 1978; 84: 268–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kida H, Yanagawa R, Matsuoka Y. Duck influenza lacking evidence of disease signs and immune response. Infect Immun. 1980; 30: 547–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellstrom P, Latorre-Margalef N, Griekspoor P, Waldenström J, Olofsson J, Wahlgren J, et al.. Sampling for low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus in wild Mallard ducks: oropharyngeal versus cloacal swabbing. Vaccine. 2008; 26: 4414–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Turner B. Water-bone transmission of influenza A viruses?. Intervirology. 1979; 11: 66–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Okazaki K, Kawaoka Y, Takada A, Webster RG, Kida H. Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs. Arch Virol. 1995; 140: 1163–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentz P.-G. Studies on some urban Mallard Anas platyrhynchos populations in Scandinavia. Part I: causes of death, mortality and longevity among Malmö Mallards as shown by ringing recoveries. Fauna Norv. Ser. C, Cinclus. 1985; 8: 44–56.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson G, Elmberg J, Dessborn L, Jonzén N, Pöysä H, Valkama J. Survival estimates, mortality patterns, and population growth of Fennoscandian mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Annales Zoologici Fennici. 2008; 45: 483–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latorre-Margalef N, Gunnarsson G, Munster VJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Elmberg J, et al.. Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating Mallard ducks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 2009; 276: 1029–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gils JA, Munster VJ, Radersma R, Liefhebber D, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M. Hampered foraging and migratory performance in swans infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus. PLoS One. 2007; 2: e184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley AJ, Van Campen H, Philpott MS, Easterday BC, Hinshaw VS. Pathological lesions in the lungs of ducks infected with influenza A viruses. Vet Pathol. 1989; 26: 1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander DJ, Allan WH, Parsons DG, Parsons G. The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks. Res Vet Sci. 1978; 24: 242–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins LE, Swayne DE. Susceptibility of laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to H5N1 and H5N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis. 2002; 46: 877–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez DL, Schultz-Cherry S. Immunology of avian influenza virus: a review. Dev Comp Immunol. 2000; 24: 269–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez DR, Webby RJ, Hoffmann E, Webster RG. Land-based birds as potential disseminators of avian mammalian reassortant influenza A viruses. Avian Dis. 2003; 47: 1114–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Global epidemiology of influenza: past and present. Annu Rev Med. 2000; 51: 407–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Easterday BC, Bean WJ Jr. Replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammals. Infect Immun. 1981; 34: 354–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg M, Desselberger U, Abusugra IA, Klingeborn B, Linné T. Genetic drift of equine 2 influenza A virus (H3N8), 1963–1988: analysis by oligonucleotide mapping. Vet Microbiol. 1990; 22: 225–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Wang M, Zheng GS, Li WK, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG. Seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two H3N8 equine influenza viruses in China in 1993–94. J Gen Virol. 1995; 76: 2009–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxburgh L, Klingeborn B. Cocirculation of two distinct lineages of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 3005–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaki H, Shimizu-Nei A, Sugita S, Sugiura T, Imagawa H, Kida H. Antigenic variation among equine H3N8 influenza virus hemagglutinins. Jpn J Vet Res. 2001; 48: 177–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Wang M, Kawaoka Y, Gorman O, Ito T, Saito T, et al.. Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology. 1992; 188: 245–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon KJ, Cooper VL, Schwartz KJ, Harmon KM, Kim WI, Janke BH, et al.. Influenza virus infection in racing greyhounds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11: 1974–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payungporn S, Crawford PC, Kouo TS, Chen L-M, Pompey J, Castleman WL, et al.. Influenza A virus (H3N8) in dogs with respiratory disease, Florida. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14: 902–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler D. Thai dogs carry bird-flu virus, but will they spread it?. Nature. 2006; 439: 773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Amonsin A, Payungporn S. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10: 2189–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S, Pariyothorn N, et al.. Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from zoo tigers in Thailand. Virology. 2006; 344: 480–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Tantilertcharoen R, Damrongwatanapokin S, Theamboonlers A, Payungporn S. Probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11: 699–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Baars M, Fouchier R. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Science. 2004; 306: 241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmelzwaan GF, van Riel D, Baars M, Bestebroer TM, van Amerongen G, Fouchier RA, et al.. Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts. Am J Pathol. 2006; 168: 176–83.; quiz 364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDC. Editorial team. Further spread of avian influenza in Europe, detection in French farmed birds and German cat. Euro Surveill. 2006; 11: pii = 2911. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId = 2911.
   Google Scholar
• Smith W, Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP. A virus obtained from influenza patients. Lancet. 1933: 66–68.
   Google Scholar
• Okazaki K, Yanagawa R, Kida H. Contact infection of mink with 5 subtypes of avian influenza virus. Brief report. Arch Virol. 1983; 77: 265–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010; 9: 59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher JA, DeStefano J. The ferret: an animal model to study influenza virus. Lab Anim (NY). 2004; 33: 50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, Barker IK, Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, et al.. Mass mortality of harbor seals: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus. Science. 1982; 215: 1129–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Van Wyke KL, Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, et al.. Characterization of an influenza A virus from seals. Virology. 1981; 113: 712–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster RG, Geraci J, Petursson G, Skirnisson K. Conjunctivitis in human beings caused by influenza A virus of seals. N Engl J Med. 1981; 304: 911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG, Rehg JE, Fiorelli P, Early G, et al.. Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses?. J Virol. 1984; 51: 863–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callan RJ, Early G, Kida H, Hinshaw VS. The appearance of H3 influenza viruses in seals. J Gen Virol. 1995; 76: 199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohishi K, Kishida N, Ninomiya A, Kida H, Takada Y, Miyazaki N, et al.. Antibodies to human-related H3 influenza A virus in Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Russia. Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 48: 905–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Martina BE, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RA. Influenza B virus in seals. Science. 2000; 288: 1051–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgway SH. Reported causes of death of captive killer whales (Orcinus orca). J Wildl Dis. 1979; 15: 99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Geraci J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Webster RG. Characterization of two influenza A viruses from a pilot whale. J Virol. 1986; 58: 655–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen O, Clavijo A, Boughen JA. Serologic evidence of influenza A infection in marine mammals of arctic Canada. J Wildl Dis. 2001; 37: 820–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler J, Gorman OT, Ludwig S, Schroeder E, Fitch WM, Webster RG, et al.. Derivation of the nucleoproteins (NP) of influenza A viruses isolated from marine mammals. Virology. 1990; 176: 255–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert M, Chaitaweesub P, Parakamawongsa T, Premashthira S, Tiensin T, Kalpravidh W, et al.. Free-grazing ducks and highly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12: 227–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar