2,136
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Supplement 1, 2013

Access and benefits sharing of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in northern Canada: understanding the legal environment and creating effective research agreements

, , &
Article: 21351 | Published online: 05 Aug 2013

References

  • Saini M. A systematic review of Western and Aboriginal research designs. National Collaborating Center for Aboriginal Health. 2012. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.nccah.ca.
  • Smith LT. Decolonizing methodologies: research and indigenous peoples. New York: Zed Books. 1999
  • Kovach M. Indigenous methodologies: characteristics, conversations, and contexts. 2009; Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Mugabe J. Intellectual property protection and traditional knowledge. An exploration in international policy discourse. Nairobi, Kenya: African Center for Technology Studies. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/papers/pdf/mugabe.pdf.
  • Barsh RL, Posey DA. Indigenous property rights and innovation. Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity1st ed . 1999; London: Intermediate Technology Publications and UNEP. 73–76.
  • Burnaby N. Traditional ecological knowledge and environmental impact assessment. 2003; University of Waterloo. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.environment.uwaterloo.ca/ers/research/490s/Burnaby_TEK&Asmt.pdf.
  • Government of the Northwest Territories. Policy 53.03. 2005. Traditional Knowledge: Yellowknife.
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. Ottawa, Government of Canada; December 2010 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf.
  • Bubela T, Gold R, Bubela T, Gold ER. Introduction: indigenous rights and traditional knowledge. 2012; 1–27. Genetic resources and traditional knowledge: case studies and conflicting interests. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Convention on Biological Diversity, 5 June 1992, U.N.T.S. vol 1790, p. 79 (entered into force 29 Dec 1993)..
  • Leary D. Bi-polar disorder? Is bioprospecting an emerging issue for the Arctic as well as for Antarctica?. Rev Eur Community Int Environ Law. 2008; 17: 41–55.
  • Leary D. UNU-IAN Report: bioprospecting in the Arctic. 2008; Minato, Japan: UNU-IAS.
  • Chu H, Fierer N, Lauber CL, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Grogan P. Soil bacterial diversity in the Arctic is not fundamentally different from that found in other biomes. Environ Microbiol. 2010; 12: 2998–3006.
  • Kerr R. Marine microbial bioprospecting in Nunavut – a pilot program. University of Prince Edward Island [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: ftp://ftp.nirb.ca/01-SCREENINGS/COMPLETED%20SCREENINGS/2010/10YN047-U%20of%20PEI%20-%20Russell%20Kerr/01-APPLICATION/120807-10YN047-Non-Tech%20Summary-IA2E.pdf.
  • Department of Natural Resource Sciences. Lyle G. Whyte, Associate Professor. 2012; McGill University. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://nrs-micro.mcgill.ca/whyte/.
  • Sakhalkar PG, Singh SM. Fungal community associated with Arctic moss, Tetraplodon mimoides and its rhizosphere: bioprospecting for production of industrially useful enzymes. Curr Sci. 2011; 100: 1701–05.
  • Peace DM, Myers E. Community-based participatory process – climate change and health adaptation program for Northern First Nations and Inuit in Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012; 71: 18412.
  • Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board. Gwich'in traditional knowledge projects. Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board. 2012. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.grrb.nt.ca/traditionalknowledge.htm.
  • Acho Dene Koe First Nation. Research of traditional medicinal floral resources within Acho Dene Koe First Nation's traditional territory and the impact of climate change. Climate Telling; 2012 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://climatetelling.ca/community/acho-dene-koe-first-nations/.
  • Ross River First Nation. Culturally important plants of the Ross River Dena, and associated impacts related to climate. Climate Telling; 2012 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://climatetelling.ca/community/ross-river-plants/.
  • Convention on Biological Diversity. List of parties. Convention on biological diversity [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/.
  • UN General Assembly. United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples: resolution/adopted by the General Assembly, 2 October 2007, A/RES/61/295 [cited 26 November 2012]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/471355a82.html.
  • Government of Canada EC. biodivcanada.ca – accessing genetic resources in Canada. 2010. [cited 2012 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.biodivcanada.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=936B63F8-1&toc=show.
  • Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity. 20 Oct 2010. C.N.782.2010.Treaties-1..
  • Kamau EC, Fedder B, Winter G. The Nagoya protocol on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing: what is new and what are the implications for provider and user countries and the scientific community?. Law Environ Dev J. 2010; 6: 246.
  • Metcalf C, Bubela T, Bubela T, Gold E. Respecting and aligning knowledge systems in northern Canada: beyond the international polar year. 2012; 270–309. Genetic resources and traditional knowledge: case studies and conflicting interests. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • IGC for the Nagoya Protocol. Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing: Substantive and Procedural Injustices relating to Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights. Montreal. 2011. Available from: http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/files/PDF/NagoyaProtocol_IGCJointSubmission_060111.pdf.
  • Constitution Act. 1982. s 35(1).
  • R. v. Sparrow, [1990] 1 SCR 1075..
  • R v Van der Peet [1996] 2 SCR 507..
  • R v Powley [2003] 2 SCR 207..
  • R v Gray [2006] 2 SCR 686..
  • George MA. Review of procedures for approval of health studies in northern Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2011; 70: 354–62.
  • Nation VGF, Smith S. People of the lakes: stories of our Van Tat Gwich'in Elders/Googwandak Nakhwach’ànjòo Van Tat Gwich'in. 2010; Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press. 1st ed.
  • Scientists and Explorers Act, RSY 2002, c.200. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-200/latest/rsy-2002-c-200.html.
  • Scientists Act, RSNWT 1988, c S-4. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.canlii.org/en/nt/laws/stat/rsnwt-1988-c-s-4/latest/rsnwt-1988-c-s-4.html.
  • Scientists Act, RSNWT (Nu) 1988, c S-4. [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-s-4/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-s-4.html.
  • Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies. Ethical principles for the conduct of research in the North. 2003 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://acuns.ca/website/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/EthicsEnglishmarch2003.pdf.
  • Langford CH, Hall J, Josty P, Matos S, Jacobson A. Indicators and outcomes of Canadian university research: proxies becoming goals?. Res Policy. 2006; 35: 1586–98.
  • Lockett A, Siegel D, Wright M, Ensley MD. The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: managerial and policy implications. Res Policy. 2005; 34: 981–93.
  • Atkinson-Grosjean J. Public science, private interests: culture and commerce in Canada's networks of centres of excellence. 2006. 1st ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.
  • Bubela TM, Caulfield T. Role and reality: technology transfer at Canadian universities. Trends Biotechnol. 2010; 28: 447–51.
  • Cooper MH. Commercialization of the university and problem choice by academic biological scientists. Sci Tech Hum Val. 2009; 34: 629–53.
  • Critchley CR, Nicol D. Understanding the impact of commercialization on public support for scientific research: is it about the funding source or the organization conducting the research. Public Underst Sci. 2011; 20: 347–66.
  • Taubman A, Waelde C, MacQueen H. The public domain and international intellectual property law treaties. Intellectual property: the many faces of the public domain. 2007; Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 53–85.
  • Arton Holdings Ltd. et al. v. Gateway Realty Ltd. [Internet]. 1991. Available from: http://canlii.ca/t/1nx10.
  • Finn PD, Youdan T. The fiduciary principle. Equity, fiduciaries, and trusts. 1989; Toronto: Carswell. 1–56.
  • Techera EJ, Freeman M, Napier D. Legal foundations for the recognition of customary law in the post-colonial South Pacific. Law and anthropology: current legal issues. 2009; Oxford: Oxford University Press. 218–246.
  • Aupilaarjuk M, Nunavut Arctic college (Iqaluit, Nunavut) . Perspectives on traditional law. 1999; Iqaluit Nunavut: Language and Culture Program Nunavut Arctic College.
  • Bubela T, Gold E, Krattiger A. Drafting effective collaborative research agreements and related contracts. Intellectual property management in health and agricultural innovation: a handbook of best practices. 2007; Oxford: MIHR and PIPRA: Davis. 725–38.
  • Mahoney R, Krattiger A, Krattiger A. Agreements: a review of essential tools of IP management. Intellectual property management in health and agricultural innovation: a handbook of best practices. 2007; Oxford: MIHR and PIPRA: Davis. 675–87.
  • Williston S, Lewis CM. The law of contracts. 1920; New York: Baker: Voorhis & Co..
  • Feinman JM. Relational contract theory in context. Northwest Univ Law Rev. 1999. 2000; 94: 737.
  • Hillman RA. The richness of contract law: an analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law. 1997; Dordrecht: Springer.
  • King B, Smith DG. Contracts as organizations. Arizona Law Rev. 2007;51 [cited 2012 Nov 22]. Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969816.
  • MacNeil IR. Many futures of contracts. South Calif Law Rev. 1974; 47: 691.
  • MacNeil IR. Values in contract: internal and external. Northwest Univ Law Rev. 1983; 78: 340.
  • MacNeil IR. The new social contract: an inquiry into modern contractual relations. 1980; New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • MacNeil IR. Relational contract theory: challenges and queries. Northwest Univ Law Rev. 1999. 2000; 94: 877.
  • Diathesopoulos M. Relational contract theory and management contracts: a paradigm for the application of the theory of the norms; 2010 [cited 2011 Sep 27]. Available from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24028/.
  • After Havasupai litigation, Native Americans wary of genetic research. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2010. 152A:fmix.
  • Harmon A. Havasupai case highlights risks in DNA research. The New York Times; 2010 [cited 2012 Nov 18]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/us/22dnaside.html.
  • Bair Steinbock M, Krattiger A. How to draft a collaborative research agreement. Intellectual property management in health and agricultural innovation: a handbook of best practices. 2007; Oxford: MIHR and PIPRA: Davis. 717–24.
  • Schnarch B. Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession (OCAP) or self-determination applied to research: a critical analysis of contemporary First Nations research and some options for First Nations Communities. J Aboriginal Health. 2004; 80–95.
  • Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nunavut Research Institute. Negotiating research relationships with Inuit communities. A guide for researchers; 2007 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: https://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/Negotitiating-Research-Relationships-Researchers-Guide.pdf.
  • KSDPP. Kahnawake schools diabetes prevention project code of research ethics; 2007 [cited 2012 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.ksdpp.org/elder/code_ethics.php.