The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery and LapVR evaluation metrics may not correlate with operative performance in a novice cohort

References

• Hennessey IA , Hewett P . Virtual reality versus box laparoscopic simulators in trainee selection and aptitude testing. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2014; 24: 318–21.
   Google Scholar
• Tansley P , Kakar S , Withey S , Butler P . Visuospatial and technical ability in the selection and assessment of higher surgical trainees in the London deanery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007; 89: 591–5.
   Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R , Moorthy K , Darzi A . Laparoscopic skills training and assessment. Br J Surg. 2004; 91: 1549–58.
   Google Scholar
• Derossis AM , Fried GM , Abrahamowicz M , Sigman HH , Barkun JS , Meakins JL . Development of a model for training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills. Am J Surg. 1998; 175: 482–7.
   Google Scholar
• Fried GM . FLS assessment of competency using simulated laparoscopic tasks. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008; 12: 210–12.
   Google Scholar
• Fried GM , Feldman LS , Vassiliou MC , Fraser SA , Stanbridge D , Ghitulescu G , etal. Proving the value of simulation in laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg. 2004; 240: 518–25; discussion 25–8.
   Google Scholar
• Kundhal PS , Grantcharov TP . Psychomotor performance measured in a virtual environment correlates with technical skills in the operating room. Surg Endosc. 2009; 23: 645–9.
   Google Scholar
• Langelotz C , Kilian M , Paul C , Schwenk W . LapSim virtual reality laparoscopic simulator reflects clinical experience in German surgeons. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2005; 390: 534–7.
   Google Scholar
• McCluney AL , Vassiliou MC , Kaneva PA , Cao J , Stanbridge DD , Feldman LS , etal. FLS simulator performance predicts intraoperative laparoscopic skill. Surg Endosc. 2007; 21: 1991–5.
   Google Scholar
• Grantcharov TP , Rosenberg J , Pahle E , Funch-Jensen P . Virtual reality computer simulation. Surg Endosc. 2001; 15: 242–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher AG , Satava RM . Virtual reality as a metric for the assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills. Learning curves and reliability measures. Surg Endosc. 2002; 16: 1746–52.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher AG , Lederman AB , McGlade K , Satava RM , Smith CD . Discriminative validity of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer in Virtual Reality (MIST-VR) using criteria levels based on expert performance. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18: 660–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher AG , Richie K , McClure N , McGuigan J . Objective psychomotor skills assessment of experienced, junior, and novice laparoscopists with virtual reality. World J Surg. 2001; 25: 1478–83.
   Google Scholar
• Vassiliou MC , Feldman LS . Objective assessment, selection, and certification in surgery. Surg Oncol. 2011; 20: 140–5.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser SA , Klassen DR , Feldman LS , Ghitulescu GA , Stanbridge D , Fried GM . Evaluating laparoscopic skills: setting the pass/fail score for the MISTELS system. Surg Endosc. 2003; 17: 964–7.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman LS , Hagarty SE , Ghitulescu G , Stanbridge D , Fried GM . Relationship between objective assessment of technical skills and subjective in-training evaluations in surgical residents. J Am Coll Surg. 2004; 198: 105–10.
   Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R , Grantcharov T , Moorthy K , Milland T , Papasavas P , Dosis A , etal. An evaluation of the feasibility, validity, and reliability of laparoscopic skills assessment in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2007; 245: 992–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton EC , Scott DJ , Fleming JB , Rege RV , Laycock R , Bergen PC , etal. Comparison of video trainer and virtual reality training systems on acquisition of laparoscopic skills. Surg Endosc. 2002; 16: 406–11.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman LS , Sherman V , Fried GM . Using simulators to assess laparoscopic competence: ready for widespread use?. Surgery. 2004; 135: 28–42.
   Google Scholar
• Rassweiler J , Klein J , Teber D , Schulze M , Frede T . Mechanical simulators for training for laparoscopic surgery in urology. J Endourol. 2007; 21: 252–62.
   Google Scholar
• Vassiliou MC , Fowler DL , Hogle NJ , Andrew CG , Vergis A , Klassen DR , etal. External validation of the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS). Surg Endosc. 2006; 20: S343.
   Google Scholar
• Steigerwald SN , Park J , Hardy KM , Gillman L , Vergis AS . Establishing the concurrent validity of general and technique-specific skills assessments in surgical education. Am J Surg. 2015. pii: S0002-9610(15)00406-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.04.024 .
   Google Scholar
• Iwata N , Fujiwara M , Kodera Y , Tanaka C , Ohashi N , Nakayama G , etal. Construct validity of the LapVR virtual-reality surgical simulator. Surg Endosc. 2011; 25: 423–8.
   Google Scholar
• Vassiliou MC , Feldman LS , Andrew CG , Bergman S , Leffondre K , Stanbridge D , etal. A global assessment tool for evaluation of intraoperative laparoscopic skills. Am J Surg. 2005; 190: 107–13.
   Google Scholar
• Araujo SE , Seid VE , Bertoncini AB , Horcel LA , Nahas SC , Cecconello I . Single-session baseline virtual reality simulator scores predict technical performance for laparoscopic colectomy: a study in the swine model. J Surgical Educ. 2014; 71: 883–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivard JD , Vergis AS , Unger BJ , Hardy KM , Andrew CG , Gillman LM , etal. Construct validity of individual and summary performance metrics associated with a computer-based laparoscopic simulator. Surg Endosc. 2014; 28: 1921–8.
   Google Scholar