Prey composition and feeding rate of Sagitta elegans var. arctica (chaetognatha) in the Barents Sea in early summer

References

• Alvarino, A. 1965: Chaetognaths. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 3, 115–194.
   Google Scholar
• Bárnstedt, U. 1984: Did l variations in the nutritional physiology of Calanus glacialis from lat. 78° N in the summer. Mar. Biol. 79. 257–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bárnstedt, U. 1986: Chemical composition and energy content. Pp. 1-58 in Corner, E. D. S. & O'Hara, S. C. M. (eds.): The biological chemistry of marine copepods. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Bárnstedt, U., HAkansson. J. L., Brenner-Larsen, J., Björnsen, P. K., Geertz-Hansen, O. & Tiselius, P. 1990: Copepod nutritional condition and pelagic production during autumn in Kosterfjorden, western Sweden. Mar. Biol. 104, 197–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bámstedt, U. & Tande, K. S. 1985: Respiration and excretion rates of Calanus glacialis in arctic waters of the Barents Sea. Mar. Biol. 87, 259–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajkov, A. D. 1935: How to estimate the daily food consumption of fish under natural conditions. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 65, 288–289.
   Google Scholar
• Banse, K. 1964: On the vertical distribution of zooplankton in the sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 2, 53–125.
   Google Scholar
• Canino, M. F. & Grant, C. G. 1984: The feeding and diet of Sagitta tenuis (Chaetognatha) in the Lower Chesapeake Bay. J. Plankton Res. 7, 175–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen. R. E. & Lough, R. G. 1983: Prey field of larval herring Clupea harengous on a continental shelf spawning area. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10, 211–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover, R. J. & Corner, E. D. S. 1968: Respiration and nitrogen excretion by some marine zooplankton in relation to their life cycles. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 48, 49-75.
   Google Scholar
• Dallot, S. 1968: Observations preliminaires sur la reproduction en dlevage du chaetognathe planctonique Sagitta setosa Muller. Rapp. P. v. Réun. Commun. Int. Explor. Scient. Mer Mediter. 19, 521–523.
   Google Scholar
• Davis. C. S. 1984: Predatory control of copepod seasonal cycles on Georges Bank. Mar. Biol. 82, 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drits, A. V. 1981: Feeding of Sagitta enflata. Okeanologiya 5, 882–888.
   Google Scholar
• Eilertsen, H. C. Tande, K. S. & Taasen, J. P. 1989: Vertical distributions of primary production and grazing by Calanus glacialis Jaschnov and C. hyperboreus Kroyer in Arctic waters (Barents Sea). Polar. Biol. 9, 253–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emlen, J. M. 1973: Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, D. L. 1979: Daily ration and specific daily ration of the Chaetognath Sagitta enfiata. Mar. Biol. 54, 75–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, D. L. 1982: Feeding by the chaetognath. Sagitta elegans, at low temperatures in Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27, 699–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, D. L. & Mar, R. C. 1984: Feeding in the chaetognatha. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 22, 343–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigenbaum, D. L. & Reeve, M. R. 1977: Prey detection in the Chaetognatha: Response to a vibrating probe and experimental determination of attack distance in large aquaria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22, 1052–1058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleminger, A. & Clutter, R. I. 1965: Avoidance of towed nets by zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10, 96–104.
   Google Scholar
• Furnestin, J. 1938: Influence de la salinte sur la repartition du genre Sagitta dans l'Atlantique nordest. Rev. Tray. Off. Peches Maritimes II, 425–439.
   Google Scholar
• Ghirardelli, E. 1968: Some aspects of the biology of chaetognaths. Adv. Mar. Biol. 6, 271–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjøsmter, H., Hassel, A., Loeng, H., Rey, F. & Skjoldal, H. R. 1983: Preliminwre resultater fra tokt i Barentshavet med M/S Lance og F/F G.O. Sars i mai/juni 1983. Havforsk-ningsinstituttet, Bergen, Norge, Rapport No. Fo 8310: 1-21 + appendix 6 pp. (in Norwegian).
   Google Scholar
• Gorsky, G., Palazzoli, I. & Fenaux, R. 1987: Influence of temperature changes on oxygen uptake and ammonia and phosphate excretion, in relation to body size and weight, in Oikopleura dioica (Appendikularia). Mar. Biol. 94, 191–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, C. H. 1986: Patterns of prey selection: Implications of predator foraging tactics. Am. Nat 128, 824–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, B., Berggren, U. C., Tande, K. S. & Eilertsen, H. C. 1990: Post-bloom grazing by Calanus glacialis, C. fin-marchicus and C. hyperboreus in the region of the polar front, Barents Sea. Mar. Biol. 104, 5–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder, W. 1968: Reactions of plankton organisms to water stratification. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13, 156–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, E. J. H., Harris, L. R. & Abou Debs, C. 1985: Effect of daylength and food concentration on in situ diurnal feeding rhythms in Arctic copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24, 281–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, T. & Skjoldal, H. R. 1989: Metabolism and elemental composition of zooplankton from the Barents Sea during early Arctic summer. Mar. Biol. 100, 173–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, T. 1971: On the biology of Sagitta elegans Verill and Sagitta setosa J. Miller in inner Oslofjord. Norw. J. Zoopl. 19, 201–225.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, S. R. 1971: Analysis of laboratory experiments on growth efficiency of fishes. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 28, 801–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmerer, W. J. 1984: Selective predation and its impact on prey of Sagitta enfiata (Chaetognatha). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15, 55–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koboskova, K. N. 1980: Caloric value of some zooplankton representatives from the central Arctic Basin and the White sea. Oceanology 20, 84–89.
   Google Scholar
• Kotori, M. 1976: The biology of Chaetognatha in the Bering Sea and the northern north Pacific Ocean, with emphasis on Sagitta elegans. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 23, 95–183.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlmann, D. 1977: Laboratory studies on the feeding behavior of the chaetognaths Sagitta setosa J. Midler and S. elegans Verrill with special reference to fish eggs and larvae as food organisms. Kieler Meeresforsch. 25, 163–171.
   Google Scholar
• Laurence, G. C. 1974: Caloric values of some North Atlantic calanoid copepods. Fish. Bull. NOAA, NMFS. 73, 218–220.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst, A., Sameoto, D. & Herman, A. 1984: Vertical distribution of Arctic zooplankton in summer: eastern Canadian archipelago. J. Plankton Res. 6, 137–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, R. G. & Trites, R. W. 1989: Chaetognaths and oceanography on Georges Bank. J. Mar. Res. 47, 343–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, P. T. 1958: Primary production in the Arctic. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 23, 173–177.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, I. A. 1969: Population and production ecology of zooplankton in Ogac Lake, a landlocked fjord on Baffin Island. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26, 1485–1559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mironov, G. N. 1960: The feeding of plankton predators. II. The feeding of Sagittae. Trudy sevastopol”. Biol Sta. 13, 78–88.
   Google Scholar
• Mototda, S. 1959: Devices of simple plankton apparatus. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 7,73–94.
   Google Scholar
• Nagasawa, S. 1984: Laboratory feeding and egg production in the chaetognath Sagitta crassa Tokioka. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 76, 51–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasawa, S. & Marumo, R. 1972: Feeding of a pelagic chae-tognath, Sagitta nagae Alvarino in Suruga Bay, Central Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc. lap. 28, 181–186.
   Google Scholar
• Nagasawa, S. & Marumo, R. 1976: Further studies on the feeding habits of Sagitta nagae Alvarino in Suruga Bay, Central Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc. lap. 32, 209–218.
   Google Scholar
• øresland, V. 1987: Feeding of the chaetognaths Sagitta elegans and S. setosa at different seasons in Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 39, 69–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenhöfer, G. A. 1971: Graong and ingestion rates of nauplii, copepodids and adults of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Mar. Biol. II, 286–298.
   Google Scholar
• Paloheimo, J. E. & Dickie, L. M. 1966: Food and growth of fishes, III. Relations among food, body size, and growth efficiency. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 23, 1209–1247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearre, S., Jr. 1973: Vertical migration and feeding in Sagitta elegans Verrill. Ecology 54, 300–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearre, S., Jr. 1974: Ecological studies of three west Med-iterranean chaetognaths. lnvestigacion Pesq. 38, 325–369.
   Google Scholar
• Pearre, S., Jr. 1980: Feeding by Chaetognatha: The relation of prey size to predator size in several species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 3, 125–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearre, S., Jr. 1981: Feeding by Chaetognatha: Energy balance and importance of various components of the diet of Sagitta elegans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 5, 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Pearre, S.,-Jr. 1982: Feeding by chaetognatha: Aspects of inter-and intra-specific predation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 7,33-45.
   Google Scholar
• Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. J. 1969: The food and feeding habits of chaetognatha in the seas around the British Isles. Pol. Arch Hydrobiol. 16, 213–232.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R. 1966: Pp. 613-630 in Barnes, H. (ed.): Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science. London.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R. 1970: The biology of chaetognatha. I. Quantitative aspects of growth and egg production in Sagitta hispida., Pp. 168-189 in Steele, J. H. (ed.): Marine Food Chains. Edinburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R. 1980: Comparative experimental studies on the feeding of chaetognaths and ctenophores. J. Plankton Res. 2, 381–393.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R. & Cosper, T. C. 1975: Chaetognatha. Pp. 131-145 in Giese, A. C. & Pearse, J. S. (eds.): Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R. & Walter, M. A. 1972: Conditions of culture, food-size selection, and the effects of temperature and salinity on growth rate and generation time in Sagitta hispida Conant. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 9,191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, M. R., Cosper, T. C. & Walter, M. A. 1975: Visual observations of the process of digestion and the production of fecal pellets in the chaetognath Sagitta hispida Conant. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 17, 39–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey, F. & Loeng, H. 1985: The influence of ice and hydro-graphic conditions on the development of phytoplankton in the Barents Sea. Pp. 49-63 in Gray, J. S. and Christiansen, M. E. (eds.): Marine Biology of Polar Regions and Effects of Stress on Marine Organisms. Proceedings of the 18th European Marine Biology Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 14-20 August 1983.1. Wiley and Sons. Chichester.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, F., Skjoldal, H. R. & Hassel, A. 1987: Seasonal development of plankton in the Barents Sea: A conceptual model. ICES Symposium of marine sciences of arctic and subarctic regions. Report 57, Santander, Spain. 36 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, F. S. 1931: The vertical distribution of marine macro-plankton. X. Notes on the behaviour of Sagitta in the Ply-mouth area. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 17, 391–407.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, F. S. 1932: On the biology of Sagitta. II. The breeding and growth of Sagitta elegans Verrill in the Plymouth area, 1930-31. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 18 (1), 131–146.
   Google Scholar
• Sameoto, D. D. 1972: Yearly respiration rate and estimated energy budget for Sagitta elegans. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29, 987-9%.
   Google Scholar
• Sameoto, D. D. 1973: Annual life cycle and production of the chaetognath Sagitta elegans in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia. I. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30, 333–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameoto, D. D. 1987: Vertical distribution and ecological significance of Chaetognaths in the arctic environment of Baffin Bay. Pol. Biol. 7, 317–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelbourne, J. E. 1962: A predator-prey size relationship for plaice larvae feeding on Oikopleura. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 42, 243–252.
   Google Scholar
• Shuskina, E. A. & Musayeva, E. I. 1980: Energy equivalents of the body mass of marine planktonic animals. Oceanology 20, 607–612.
   Google Scholar
• Skjoldal, H. R., Hassel, A., Rey, F. & Loeng, H. 1987: Spring phytoplankton development and zooplankton reproduction in the central Barents Sea in the period 1979-1984. Pp. 59-89 in Loeng, H. (ed.): The effect of oceanographic conditions on distribution and population dynamics of commercial fish stocks in the Barent Sea. Proceedings of the third Sovjet-Norwegian symposium, Murmansk, 26-28 May 1986. Institute for Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Skjoldal, H. R. & Rey, F. 1989: Pelagic production and variability of the Barents Sea ecosystem. Pp. 241-286 in Sherman, K. & Alexander, L. M. (eds.): Biomass yields and geography of large marine ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium.
   Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. 1981: Biometry, 2nd ed. Freeman, W. H. San Francisco. 859 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Solemdal, P. & Eilertsen, B. 1984: Sampling fish larvae with large pumps; quantitative and qualitative comparisons with traditional gear. Pp. 335-363 in Dahl, E., Danielseen, D. S., Mocness, E. & Solemdal, P. (eds.): The propagation of cod Gadus morhua L. Flodevigen Rapportserier, Bergen, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, B. K. 1980: In situ feeding behavior of Sagitta elegans and Eukronia hamata (Chaetognatha) in relation to the vertical distribution and abundance of prey at Ocean Station “P”. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25, 317–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanberg, N. & 135mstedt, U. 1991: Ctenophora in the Arctic: The abundance, distribution and predation impact of the cydippid ctenophore Mertensia ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea. Pp. 507-524 in Sakshaug, E., Hopkins. C. C. E. & Oritsland. N. A. (eds.): Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology, Trondheim, 12-16 May 1990. Polar Research 10 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Szyper, J. P. 1978: Feeding rate of the Chaetognath Sagitta enflata in nature. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci. 7, 567–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terazaki, M. & Marumo, R. 1979: Diurnal vertical migration of Sagitta elegans Verrill in the western North Pacific Ocean. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan 26, 11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. & Collins, N. R. 1985: Chaetognaths and ctenophores in the holoplankton of the Bristol Channel. Mar. Biol. 85, 97–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar