Oil, water, ice and light

References

• Aksnes, G. & Iversen, A. 1983: Chemosphere 12, 385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R. C., Jr. & Finley, J. S. 1982: Occurrence and impact of petroleum on arctic environments. Pp. 295-341 in Rey, L. (ed.): The Arctic Ocean. The Hydrographic Environment and the Fate of Pollutants. Macmillan Press, London, England.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Jr., R. C. & MacLeod, Jr., W. D. 1977: Inputs, transport, mechanisms, and observed concentrations of petroleum in the marine environment, Pp. 91-223 in Matins, D. C. (ed.):
   Google Scholar
• Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Coxon, J. M. & Halton, B. 1987: Organic Photochemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 243 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Duinker, J. C. 1980: Suspended matter in estuaries: Adsorption and desorption processes. Pp. 121-151 in Olausson, E. & Cato. I. (eds.): Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England.
   Google Scholar
• Haag, W. R. & Hoigné. J. 1985: Photosensitized oxidation in natural water via OH radicals. Chemosphere 14, 1659–1671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haag, W. R. & Hoigne, J. 1986: Singlet oxygen in surface waters - part III: Steady state concentrations in various types of waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, H. P. 1975: Photochemical degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon surface films on seawater. Mar. Chem. 3. 183–195.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, S. H. 1988: Some photochemical aspects of oil weathering. Dr. scient. thesis, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway. 69 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, S. H. & Sydnes, L. K. 1989: Photochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Acta Chem. Scand. 43, 395–398.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, W. B., Holba, A. G., Miller, D. E. & Richardson. J. S. 1985: Geochemistry of greater Ekofisk crude oils. Pp. 75-92 in Thomas, B. M., Dore, A. G., Eggen, S. S., Home, P. C. & Larsen, R. M. (eds.): Petroleum geochemistry in exploration of the Norwegian shelf. Graham and Trotman, London, England.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, K. A. & Liss, P. S. 1981: Organic sea surface films. Pp. 259-298 in Duursma, E. K. & Dawson, R. (eds.): Marine Organic Chemistry: Evolution, Composition, Interactions and Chemistry of Organic Matter in Seawater. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Jerlov, N. G. 1968: Optical Oceanography. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 194 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, R. A., Bott, T. L., Hunt, L. L. and Rogenmuscr, K. 1979: Photooxidation products of a fuel oil and their antimicrobial activity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13. 965-969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R. A. & Hunt, L. L. 1978: Photooxidation of a refined petroleum oil: Inhibition by β-carotene and role of singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. 28, 553–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R. A., Hunt, L. L. & Blankenship, D. W. 1977: Formation of toxic products from a #2 fuel oil by photo. oxidation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 492–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, D. & Wells, P. G. 1983: Effectiveness, behavior and toxicity of dispersants. Pp. 65-71 in Proc. 1983 Oil Spill Conference. Am. Petrol. Inst., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, D. & Zagorski, W. 1982: Studies of water in oil emulsions. Report EE34, Environment Canada. Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, S., Kauffman, P. & Welander, P. E. 1978: A laboratory study of the dispersion of crude oil within sea ice grown in a wave field. Pp. 261-287 in Vol. IL Resource Development - Processes and Problems. Alaska Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• McAuliffe, C. 1966: Solubility in water of paraffin, cyclo-paraffin, olefin, acetylene, cycloolefin and aromatic hydro-carbons. J. Phys. Chem. 70, 1267–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe, C. 1980: Oil and gas migration: chemical and physical constraints. Pp. 89-107 in Roberts, W. H. & Cordell, J. R. (eds.): Problems of petroleum migration. AAPG Studies in Geology No. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Mill, T., Hendry, D. G. & Richardson, H. 1980: Free-radical oxidants in natural waters. Science 207, 886–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mill, T. 1989: Structure-activity relationships for photooxi-dation processes in the environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8, 31–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petasne, R. G. & Zika. R. G. 1987: Fate of superoxide in coastal seawater. Nature 325, 516–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilpel, N. 1968: The natural fate of oil on the sea. Endeavour 100, 11–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, R. D. & Crosby, D. G. 1975: The photooxidation of aldrin in water. Chemosphere 4. 277–282.
   Google Scholar
• Russi, H., Kotzias, D. & Korte, F. 1982: Photoinduzierte Hydroxylierungsreaktionen organsicher Chemikalien in nattirlichen Gewasser. Chemosphere 11. 1041–1048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieburth, J. McN., Willis, P., Johnson. K. M., Burney, C. M. Lavoie, D. M., Hinga, K. R. Caron, D. A. French, F. W., Johnson, P. W. & Davis, P. G. 1976: Dissolved organic matter and heterotrophic microneuston in the surface microlayers of the North Atlantic. Science 194, 1415–1418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriou. C., Lee, W. & Giese, R. W. 1990: Superoxide oxidation: A novel route to aromatic 1.2-dicarboxylic acids. J. Org. Chem. 55, 2159–2164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham, P. J. & Williams. P. J. L. 1983: The automatic determination of dissolved organic carbon. Pp. 380-393 in Gras-shoff, K., Ehrhardt, M. & Kremling, K. (eds.): Methods of Seawater Analysis; Second, Revised and Extended Edition. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Stuermer, D. H. & Harvey, G. R. 1977: The isolation of humic substances and alcohol soluble organic matter from seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 24, 303–309.
   Google Scholar
• Sydnes, L. K., Burkow, I. C., Stene, A. & Lonning. S. 1985a: On the formation of short-lived, toxic, water-soluble compounds during illumination of crude oil on seawater. Marine Environ. Res. 16, 115–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydnes, L. K., Burkow, I. C. & Hansen, S. H. 1985b: Photo-chemical oxidation of toluene and xylenes. Concurrent formation of products due to photooxygenation and photodimerization. Acta Chem. Scand. B 39, 829–835.
   Google Scholar
• Sydnes, L. K., Hansen, S. H. & Burkow, I. C. 1985c: Factors effecting photooxidation of oil constituents in the marine environment. I. Photochemical transformations of dimethyl-naphthalenes in an aqueous environment in the presence and absence of oil. Chemosphere 14. 1043–1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydnes. L. K. Hemmingsen, T. H., Skare, S., Hansen, S. H., Falk-Pettersen, I.-B., LOnning, S. & Ostgaard, K. 1985d: Seasonal variations in weathering and toxicity of crude oil on seawater under arctic conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 1076-1081.
   Google Scholar
• Tissot, B. P. & Welte, D. H. 1984: Petroleum formation and occurrence. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2nd ed. 699 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Tjessem, K. & Aaberg, A. 1983: Photochemical transformation and degradation of petroleum residues in the marine environment. Chemosphere 12, 1373–1394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjessem, K., Kobberstad, O. & Aaberg, A. 1983: Photo-chemically induced interactions in Ekofisk crude oil. Chemo-sphere 12, 1395–1406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turro, N. J. 1978: Modern molecular photochemistry. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., Menlo Park, California, USA. 628 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P. J. Le B. 1975: Biological and chemical aspects of dissolved organic material in seawater. Pp. 301-363 in Riley, J. P. & Skirrow, G. (eds.): Chemical oceanography, 2. Academic Press, London, England.
   Google Scholar
• Yen, T. F. 1972: Present status of the structure of petroleum heavy ends and its significance to various technical applications. Am. Chem. Meet. Reprints F, 102–114.
   Google Scholar
• Zafiriou, O. C. 1977: Marine organic photochemistry pre-viewed. Mar. Chem. 5, 497–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zepp, R. G., Schlotzhauer, P. F., Simmons, M. S. Miller, G. C., Baughman, G. L. & Wolfe, N. L. 1984: Dynamics of pollutant photoreactions in the hydrosphere. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 319, 119–125.
   Google Scholar
• Zika, R. G. 1981: Marine organic photochemistry. Pp. 299-325 in Duursma, E. K. & Dawson, R. (eds.): Marine Organic Chemistry: Evolution, Composition, Interactions and Chemistry of Organic Matter in Seawater. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Zika, R. G. Moffett. J. W. Petasne, R. G. Copper. W. J. & Saltzman, E. R. 1985: Spatial and temporal variations of H2O2 in Gulf of Mexico water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1173–1184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar