77
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Clutch, egg and body size variation among common eiders breeding in Hudson Bay, Canada

, &
Pages 85-94 | Published online: 16 Dec 2016

References

  • Abraham, K. F. & Finney, G. H. 1986: Eiders of the eastern Canadian Arctic. In A. Reed (ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47 55–73.
  • Ahlén, I. & Andersson, A. 1970: Breeding ecology of an eider population on Spitsbergen. Ornis Scand. 1, 83–106.
  • Anderson, M. D., Rhymer, J. M. & Rohwer, F. C. 1992: Phi-lopatry, dispersal, and the genetic structure of waterfowl populations. In B. D. J. Batt et al. (eds.): Ecology and man-agement of breeding waterfowl. Pp. 365-395. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Avise, J. C., Alisauskas, R. T., Nelson, W. S. & Ankney, C. D. 1992: Matriarchal population genetic structure in an avian species with female natal philopatry. Evolution 46, 1084–1096.
  • Avise, J. C. & Hamrick, J. L. (eds.) 1996: Conservation genet-ics. London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Berthold, P. 1993: Bird migration: a general survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Björn, T. H. & Erikstad, K. E. 1994: Patterns of intraspecific nest parasitism in the high Arctic common eider (Somate-ria mollissima borealis). Can J. Zool. 72, 1027–1034.
  • Boag, P. T. & van Noordwijk, A .J. 1987: Quantitative genet-ics. In F. Cooke & P. A. Buckley (eds.): Avian genetics. Pp. 45-78. London: Academic Press.
  • Calder, W. A., III 1974: Consequences of body size for avian energetics. In R. A. Paynter (ed.): Avian energetics. Pp. 86-144. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club.
  • Chapdelaine, G., Bourget, A., Kemp, W. B., Nakashima, D. J. & Murray, D. J. 1986: Population d'eider a duvet pres des c6tes du Quebec septentrional. (The common eider popula-tion of the northern Quebec coast.) In A. Reed (ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wadi. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47 39–50.
  • Cooch, F. G. 1965: The breeding biology and management of the northern eider (Somateria mollissima borealis) in the Cape Dorset area, Northwest Territories. Canadian Wild-life Service Wildl. Manage. Bull. Ser. 2, No. 10.
  • Cooch, E. G., Lank, D. B., Rockwell, R. F. & Cooke, F. 1991: Long-term decline in body size in a snow goose population: evidence of environmental degradation? . 1. Anim. Ecol. 60, 483–496.
  • Cooke, F., Rockwell, R. F. & Lank, D. B. 1995: The snow geese of La Pérouse Bay: a study in natural selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Coulson, J. C. 1999: Variation in clutch size of the common eider: a study based on 41 breeding seasons on Coquet Island, Northumberland, England. Waterbirds 22, 225–238.
  • Cramp, S. & Simmons, K. E. L. 1977: The birds of the western palearctic. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dement'ev, G. P. & Gladkov, N. A. 1952: Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. IV (Translated from Russian by the Israel Pro-gram for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1967.)
  • Dunn, E. H. & MacInnes, C. D. 1987: Geographic variation in clutch size and body size of Canada geese-1. Field Orni-thoL 58, 355–371.
  • Dzubin, A. & Cooch, E. G. 1992: Measurements of geese: general field measurements. Sacremento: California Water-fowl Association.
  • Erikstad, K. E., Bustnes, J. O. & Moum, T. 1993: Clutch-size determination in precocial birds: a study of the common eider. Auk 110, 623–628.
  • Fleming, B. & McDonald, M. 1987: A nest census and the economic potential of the Hudson Bay eider in the southern Belcher Islands, N.W.T: a report prepared for the Depart-ment of Indian and Northern Affairs, GNWT region. Project no. 176057. Sanikiluaq, Canada: Municipality of Saniki-lauq.
  • Freeman, M. M. R. 1970: Observations on the seasonal behav-iour of the Hudson Bay eider (Somateria mollissima seden-taria). Can. Field-Nat. 84, 145–153.
  • Gilchrist, H. G. & Robertson, G. J. 2000: Observations of marine birds and mammals wintering at polynyas and ice edges in the Belcher Islands, Nunavut, Canada. Arctic 53, 61–68.
  • Götmark, F. & Ahlund, M. 1988: Nest predation and nest site selection among eiders Somateria mollissima: the influence of gulls. Ibis 130, 111–123.
  • Gross, A. O. 1938: The eider ducks of Kent's Island. Auk 55, 387–400.
  • Guignion, D. 1968: Clutch size and incubation period of the American eider (Somateria mollissima dresseri) on Bran-dypot Island. Nat. Can. 95, 1145–1152.
  • Guild, B.L. 1974: The breeding biology of the Hudson Bay eider at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba. M.Sc. thesis. Wright State University, Ohio.
  • Hario, M. & Selin, K. 1988: Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size, and nest site preferences. Finn. Game Res. 45, 3–10.
  • Korschgen, C. E. 1977: Breeding stress of female eiders in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 41, 360–373.
  • Larsson, K. & Forslund, P. 1992: Genetic and social inherit-ance of body and egg size in the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). Evolution 46, 235–244.
  • Laurila, T. 1988: The role of genetic factors on clutch size and egg dimensions in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Finnish Game Res. 45, 11–18.
  • Laurila, T. & Hario, M. 1988: Environmental and genetic fac-tors influencing clutch size, egg volume, date of laying and female weight in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Finn. Game Res. 45, 19–30.
  • Leafloor, J. O., Ankney, C. D. & Rusch, D. H. 1998: Envi-ronmental effects on body size of Canada geese. Auk 115, 26–33.
  • Lewis, H. F. 1939: Size of sets of eggs of the American eider. J. Wildl. Manage. 3, 70–73.
  • McDonald, M. & Fleming, B. 1990: Development of a com-munity-based eider down industry in Sanikiluaq: resource management and business strategies: a report prepared for the Canada-Northwest Territories economic develop-ment agreement. Project no. 561 510. Sanikiluaq, Canada: Municipality of Sanikilauq.
  • Mendall, H. L. 1980: Intergradation of eastern American common eiders. Can. Field-Nat. 94, 286–292.
  • Mendall, H. L. 1986: Identification of eastern races of the common eider. In A. Reed (ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47 82–88.
  • Milne, H. 1974: Breeding numbers and reproductive rate of eiders at the Sands of Forvie National Nature Reserve, Scotland. Ibis 116, 135–154.
  • Milne, H. & Reed, A. 1974: Annual production of fledged young from the eider colonies of the St. Lawrence estuary. Can. Field-Nat. 88, 163–169.
  • Nakashima, D. J. & Murray, D. J. 1988: The common eider (Somateria mollissima sedentaria) of eastern Hudson Bay: a survey of nest colonies and Inuit ecological knowledge. Environmental Studies Revolving Funds Rep. 102.
  • van Noordwijk, A. J., van Balen, J. H. & Scharloo, W. 1988: Heritability of body size in a natural population of the great tit (Parus major) and its relation to age and environmental conditions during growth. Genet. Res. Camb. 51, 149–162.
  • Palmer, R. S. 1976: Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 3. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Parker, H. & Holm, H. 1990: Patterns of nutrient and energy expenditures in female common eiders nesting in the high Arctic. Auk 107, 660–668.
  • Paynter, R. A., Jr. 1951: Clutch-size and egg mortality of Kent Island eiders. Ecology 32, 497–507.
  • Prach, R. W., Smith, A. R. & Dzubin, A. 1986: Nesting of the common eider near Hell Gate—Cardigan Strait polynya, 1980-1981. In A. Reed (ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47, 127–135.
  • Rising, J. D. & Somers, K. M. 1989: The measurement of overall body size in birds. Auk 106, 666–674.
  • Robertson, G. J. 1995a: Factors affecting nest site selection and nesting success in the common eider Somateria mollis-sima. Ibis j3Z 109–115.
  • Robertson, G. J. 1995b: Annual variation in common eider egg size: effects of temperature, clutch size, laying date, and laying sequence. Can. J. Zool. 73,1579–1587.
  • Robertson, G. J. & Cooke, F. 1993: Intraclutch egg-size vari-ation and hatching success in the common eider. Can. J. Zool. 71, 544–549.
  • Robertson, G. J. & Gilchrist, H. G. 1998: Evidence of popula-tion declines among common eiders breeding in the Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories. Arctic 51, 378–385.
  • Robertson, G. J., Watson, M. D. & Cooke, F. 1992: Frequency, timing and costs of intraspecific nest parasitism in the common eider. Condor 94, 871–879.
  • Rockwell, R. F. & Barrowclough, G. 1987: Gene flow and the genetic structure of populations. In F. Cooke & P. A. Buck-ley (eds.): Avian genetics. Pp. 226-255. London: Academic Press.
  • Rohwer, F. C. 1992: The evolution of reproductive parameters in waterfowl. In B. D. J. Batt et al. (eds.): Ecology and man-agement of breeding waterfowl. Pp. 486-539. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Schmutz, J. M., Robertson, R. J. & Cooke, F. 1983: Colonial nesting of the Hudson Bay eider duck. Can. J. Zool. 61, 2424–2433.
  • Snyder, L. L. 1941: On the Hudson Bay eider. Occas. Pap. R. Ont. Mus. Zool. 6, 1–7.
  • Swennen, C. 1983: Reproductive output of eiders Somateria mollissima on the southern border of its breeding range. Ardea 71, 245–254.
  • Swennen, C. 1990: Dispersal and migratory movements of eiders Somateria mollissima breeding in the Netherlands. Ornis Scand. 21, 17–27.
  • Swennen, C. & van der Meer, J. 1992: Variation in egg size of common eiders. Ardea 80, 363–373.
  • Tiedemann, R., von Kistowski, K. G. & Noer, H. 1999: On sex-specific dispersal and mating tactics in the common eider Somateria mollissima as inferred from the genetic structure of breeding colonies. Behaviour 136, 1145–1155.
  • Wakeley, J. S. & Mendall, H. L. 1976: Migrational homing and survival of adult female eiders nesting in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 40, 15–21.
  • Williams, T. D. 1994: Intraspecific variation in egg size and composition among birds: effects on offspring fitness. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 68, 35–59.
  • Williams, T. D, Lank, D. B., Cooke, F. & Rockwell, R. F. 1994: Fitness consequences of egg-size variation in the lesser snow goose. Oecologia 96, 331–338.
  • Winkler, D. W. & Walters, J. R. 1983: The determination of clutch size in precocial birds. Curr. Ornithol. 1, 33–68.