Regional and annual variability in common eider nesting ecology in Labrador

References

• Abraham, K. F. & Finney, G. H. 1986: Eiders of the eastern Canadian Arctic. In A. Reed ( ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47, 55–73.
   Google Scholar
• Avise, J. C. & Hamrick, J. L. (eds.) 1996: Conservation Genetics. London: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bregnballe, T. 2002: Clutch size in six Danish common eider Somateria mollissima colonies: variation in egg production. In H. Noer & G. Nehls (eds.): Population processes in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Danish Review of Game Biology 16. Ronde, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Chapdelaine, G., Dupuis, P. & Reed, A. 1986: Distribution, abundance et fluctuations des populations d'Eider a Duvet dans l'estuaire et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. (Distribution, abundance, and fluctuation of eider populations in the St. Lawrence estuary and gulf). In A. Reed ( ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47, 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Chaulk, K. G., Robertson, G. J., Montevecchi, W. A. & Ryan, P. C. in press: Aspects of common eider nesting ecology in Labrador. Arctic.
   Google Scholar
• Choate, J. S. 1967: Factors influencing nesting success of eiders in Penobscot Bay, Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 31, 769–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooch, F. G. 1986: The numbers of nesting northern eiders on the West Foxe islands, NWT, in 1956 and 1976. In A. Reed ( ed.): Eider ducks in Canada. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. 47, 114–118.
   Google Scholar
• Coulson, J. C. 1984: The population dynamics of the eider duck Somateria mollissima and evidence of extensive non-breeding by adult ducks. Ibis 126, 525–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulson, J. C. 1999: Variation in clutch size of the common eider: a study based on 41 breeding seasons on Coquet Island, Northumberland, England. Waterbirds 22, 225–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikstad, K. E., Bustnes, J. O. & Moum, T. 1993: Clutch-size determination in precocial birds: a study of the common eider. Auk 110, 623–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikstad, K. E., Tveraa, T. & Bustnes, J. O. 1998: Signficance of intraclutch egg-size variation in common eider: the role of egg size and quality of ducklings. J. Avian Biol. 29, 3–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falardeau, G., Rail, J.-F., Gilliland, S. & Savard, J.-P. L. 2003: Breeding survey of common eiders along the west coast of Ungava Bay, in summer 2000, and a supplement on other nesting aquatic birds. Can. Wildl. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 405.
   Google Scholar
• Götmark, F. & Áhlund, M. 1984: Do field observers attract nest predators and influence nesting success of common eiders. J. Wildl. Manage. 48, 381–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudie, R. I., Robertson, G. J. & Reed, A. 2000: Common eider (Somateria mollissima). The birds of North America ( A. Poole & F. Gill, eds.) 546. Philadelphia, The Birds of North America Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Guild, B. L. 1974: The breeding biology of the Hudson Bay Eider at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba. M.Sc. thesis. Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Hanssen, S. A., Folstad, I. & Erikstad, K. E. 2002: Incubation start and egg size in relation to body reserves in the common eider. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 282–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanssen, S. A., Folstad, I. & Erikstad, K. E. 2003: Reduced immunocompetence and cost of reproduction in common eiders. Oecologia 136, 457–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hario, M. & Selin, K. 1988: Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size and nest preferences. Finn. Game Res. 45, 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hario, M. & Selin, K. 2002: Cohort-specific differences in reproductive output in a declining common eider Somateria mollissima population. In H. Noer & G. Nehls (eds.): Population processes in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Danish Review of Game Biology 16. Ronde, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Korschgen, C. E. 1977: Breeding stress of female eiders in Maine. J Wildl. Manage. 41, 360–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack, D. 1967: The significance of clutch size in waterfowl. Wildfowl 18, 125–128.
   Google Scholar
• Laurila, T. & Hario, M. 1988. Environmental and genetic factors influencing clutch size, egg volume, date of laying and female weight in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Finn. Game Res. 45, 19–30.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, H. F. 1939: Size of sets of eggs of the American eider. Wildl. Manage. 3, 70–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lopoukhine, N., Prout, N. A. & Hirvonen, H. E. 1978: The ecological land classification of Labrador: a reconnaissance. Environment Canada, Series 4.
   Google Scholar
• Meades, S. J. 1990: Natural regions of Newfoundland and Labrador. St. John's, Newfoundland: Protected Areas Association of Newfoundland and Labrador.
   Google Scholar
• Mendall, H. L. 1980: Intergradation of eastern North American common eiders. Can. Field Nat. 94, 286–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel, F. R. 2004: Evidence of population decline in common eiders breeding in western Greenland. Arctic 57, 27–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, H. 1974: Breeding numbers and reproductive rate of eiders at the Sands of Forvie National Nature Reserve, Scotland. Ibis 116, 135–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, C. O. 1947: Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. Am. Midl. Nat. 37, 223–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima, D. J. & Murray, D. J. 1988: The common eider ( Somateria mollissima mollissima) of eastern Hudson Bay: a survey of nest colonies and Inuit ecological knowledge. Environ. Stud. Revolv. Funds Rep. 102.
   Google Scholar
• Nettleship, D. N. 1980: Census techniques for seabirds of arctic and eastern Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 25. Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Nettleship, D. N. & Evans, P. G. H. 1985: Distribution and status of Atlantic alcidae. In D. N. Nettleship & T. R. Birkhead ( eds.): The Atlantic Alcidae. Pp. 53-154 London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, G. J. 1995: Annual variation in common eider egg size: effects of temperature, clutch size, laying date, and laying sequence. Can. J. Zool. 73, 1579–1587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, G. J. & Gilchrist, H. G. 1998: Evidence of population declines among common eiders breeding in the Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories. Arctic 51, 378–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, G. J. Reed, A. & Gilchrist, H. G. 2001: Clutch, egg and body size variation among common eiders breeding in Hudson Bay, Canada. Polar Res. 20, 85–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohwer, F. C. 1992: The evolution of reproductive parameters in waterfowl. In B. D. Batt et al. (eds.): Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. Pp. 486-539. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ryder, J. P. 1970: A possible factor in the evolution of clutch size in Ross' goose. Wilson Bull. 82, 5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Schmutz, J. K., Robertson R. J. & Cooke, F. 1983: Colonial nesting of the Hudson Bay eider duck. Can. J. Zool. 61, 2424-2433.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. M., Heglund, P. J., Morrison, M. L., Haufler, J. B., Raphael, M. G., Wall, W. A. & Samson, F. B. (eds.). 2002: Predicting species occurrences: issues of accuracy and scale. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. 1995: Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Third edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Swennen, C. 1983: Reproductive output of eiders (Somateria mollissima mollissima) on the southern border of its breeding range. Ardea 71, 245–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swennen, C. & van der Meer, J. 1992: Variation in egg size of common eiders. Ardea 80, 363-373.
   Google Scholar
• Swennen, C. 2002: Development and population dynamics of common eider Somateria mollissima colonies in the Netherlands. In H. Noer & G. Nehls (eds.): Population processes in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Danish Review of Game Biology 16. Ronde, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Weller, M. W. 1956: A simple field candler for waterfowl eggs. Wildl. Manage. 20, 111–113.
   Google Scholar