Measurement of loss rates of organic compounds in snow using in situ experiments and isotopically labelled compounds

References

• Cotter E.S.N, Jones A.E, Wolff E.W. & Bauguitte S.J.B. 2003. What controls photochemical NO and NO2 production from Antarctic snow? Laboratory investigation assessing the wavelength and temperature dependence. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 108. article no. 4147, doi: 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Daly G.L. Wania F. Simulating the influence of snow on the fate of organic compounds. Environmental Science and Technology. 2004; 38: 4176–4186. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dibb J.E. Arsenault M. Shouldn't snowpacks be sources of monocarboxylic acids?. Atmospheric Environment. 2002; 36: 2513–2522. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolinova J. Ruzicka R. Kurkova R. Klanova J. Klan P. Oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons by OH radicals photochemically generated from H2O2 in ice. Environmental Science and Technology. 2006; 40: 7668–7674. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Domine F. Shepson P.B. Air–snow interactions and atmospheric chemistry. Science. 2002; 297: 1506–1510. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubowski Y. Hoffmann M. R. Photochemical transformations in ice: implications for the fate of chemical species. Geophysical Research Letters. 2000; 27: 3321–3324. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grannas A.M. Bausch A.R. Mahanna K.M. Enhanced aqueous photochemical reaction rates after freezing. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2007; 111: 11043–11049. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Grannas A.M. Jones A.E. Dibb J. Ammann M. Anastasio C. Beine H.J. Bergin M. Bottenheim J. Boxe C.S. Carver G. Chen G. Crawford J.H. Domine F. Frey M.M. Guzman M.I. Heard D.E. Helmig D. Hoffmann M.R. Honrath R.E. Huey L.G. Hutterli M. Jacobi H.W. Klan P. Lefer B. McConnell J. Plane J. Sander R. Savarino J. Shepson P.B. Simpson W.R. Sodeau J.R. von Glasow R. Weller R. Wolff E.W. Zhu T. An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2007; 7: 4329–4373. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert B.M.J. Villa S. Halsall C. Chemical interactions with snow: understanding the behavior and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds in snow. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2006; 63: 3–16. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutterli M.A, McConnell J.R, Bales R.C. & Stewart R.W. 2003. Sensitivity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) preservation in snow to changing environmental conditions: implications for ice core records. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 108. article no. 4023, doi: 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobi H.W. Annor T. Quansah E. Investigation of the photochemical decomposition of nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, and formaldehyde in artificial snow. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A. 2006; 179: 330–338. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffrezo J.L. Clain M.P. Masclet P. Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in the polar ice of Greenland—geochemical use of these atmospheric tracers. Atmospheric Environment. 1994; 28: 1139–1145. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan T.F. Donaldson D.J. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on water and ice surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2007; 111: 1277–1285. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura K. Kasukabe H. Yasui O. Barrie L.A. Production of dicarboxylic acids in the Arctic atmosphere at polar sunrise. Geophysical Research Letters. 1995; 22: 1253–1256. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klan P. Holoubek I. Ice (photo)chemistry. Ice as a medium for long-term (photo)chemical transformations—environmental implications. Chemosphere. 2002; 46: 1201–1210. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klan P. Klanova J. Holoubek I. Cupr P. Photochemical activity of organic compounds in ice induced by sunlight irradiation: the Svalbard project. Geophysical Research Letters. 2003; 30: 1313.10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• Oros D.R. Simoneit B.R.T. Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter. Fuel. 2000; 79: 515–536. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oros D.R. Simoneit B.R.T. Identification and emission factors of molecular tracers in organic aerosols from biomass burning. Part 2. Deciduous trees. Applied Geochemistry. 2001; 16: 1545–1565. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton G.W. Walla M.D. Bidleman T.F. Barrie L.A. Polycyclic aromatic and organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of northern Ellesmere Island, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 1991; 96: 10867–10877. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram K. Anastasio C. Photochemistry of phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene in ice and snow. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43: 2252–2259. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge W.F. Hildemann L.M. Mazurek M.A. Cass G.R. Simoneit B.R.T. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants. Environmental Science and Technology. 1993; 27: 2700–2711. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer J.J. Cass G.R. Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers. Environmental Science and Technology. 2000; 34: 1821–1832. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer J.J. Rogge W.F. Hildemann L.M. Mazurek M.A. Cass G.R. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment. 1996; 30: 3837–3855. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheesley R.J. Schauer J.J. Bean E. Kenski D. Trends in secondary organic aerosol at a remote site in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Environmental Science and Technology. 2004; 38: 6491–6500. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheesley R.J. Schauer J.J. Zheng M. Wang B. Sensitivity of molecular marker-based CMB models to biomass burning source profiles. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41: 9050–9063. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone E.A. Snyder D.C. Sheesley R.J. Sullivan A.P. Weber R.J. Schauer J.J. Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2008; 8: 1249–1259. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner A.L. Shepson P.B. Snowpack production of formaldehyde and its effect on the Arctic troposphere. Nature. 1999; 398: 230–233. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Schneidemesser E. Schauer J.J. Hagler G.W. Bergin M.H. Concentrations and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere of Summit, Greenland. Atmospheric Environment. 2009; 43: 4155–4162. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar
• von Schneidemesser E. Schauer J.J. Shafer M.M. Hagler G.S.W. Bergin M.H. Steig E.J. A method for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in snow and application to a Greenland snow pit. Polar Science. 2008; 2: 251–266. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597.
   Google Scholar