Summer foraging behaviour of shallow-diving seabirds and distribution of their prey, Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), in the Canadian Arctic

References

• Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 1974; 19: 716–723. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Benoit D, Simard Y. & Fortier L. 2008. Hydroacoustic detection of large winter aggregations of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at depth in ice-covered Franklin Bay (Beaufort Sea). Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans. 113, C06S90., doi: 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Benoit D. Simard Y. Gagne J. Geoffroy M. Fortier L. From polar night to midnight sun: photoperiod, seal predation, and the diel vertical migrations of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) under landfast ice in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biology. 2010; 33: 1505–1520. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Bradstreet M.S.W. Cross W.E. Trophic relationships at High Arctic ice edges. Arctic. 1982; 35: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham K.P. Anderson D.R. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information–theoretical approach. Springer. New York, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Cota G.F. Prinsenberg S.J. Bennett E.B. Loder J.W. Lewis M.R. Anning J.L. Watson N.H.F. Harris L.R. Nutrient fluxes during extended blooms of Arctic ice algae. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans. 1987; 92: 1951–1962. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig P.C. Griffiths W.B. Haldorson L. McElderry H. Ecological studies of cod (Boreogadus saida) in Beaufort Sea coastal waters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1982; 39: 395–406. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford R.E. Jorgensen J.K. Schooling behaviour of cod, Boreogadus saida, in relation to drifting pack ice. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 1993; 36: 345–357. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford R.E. Jorgensen J.K. Quantitative studies of cod (Boreogadus saida) schools: important energy stores in the Arctic food webs. Arctic. 1996; 49: 181–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford R.E. Vagle S. Carmack E.C. Water mass and bathymetric characteristics of polar cod habitat along the continental shelf and slope of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Polar Biology. 2012; 35: 179–190. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Davoren G.K. Montevecchi W.A. Anderson J.T. Distributional patterns of a marine bird and its prey: habitat selection based on prey and conspecific behaviour. Marine Ecological Progress Series. 2003a; 256: 229–243. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Davoren G.K. Montevecchi W.A. Anderson J.T. Search strategies of a pursuit-diving marine bird and the persistence of prey patches. Ecological Monographs. 2003b; 73: 463–481. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott K.H. Woo K. Gaston A.J. Benvenuti S. Dall'Antonia L. Davoren G.K. Seabird foraging behaviour indicates prey type. Marine Ecological Progress Series. 2008; 354: 289–303. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote K.G. Knudsen H.P. Vestnes G. MacLennan D.N. Simmonds E.J. Calibration of acoustic instruments for fish density estimation: a practical guide. Technical Report 144. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Copenhagen, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Furness R.W. Kleptoparasitism in seabirds. Seabirds: feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems. Croxall J.P. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1987; 77–100.
   Google Scholar
• Garthe S. Furness R.W. Frequent shallow diving by a northern fulmar feeding at Shetland. Waterbirds. 2001; 24: 287–289. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Geoffroy M. Robert D. Darnis G. Fortier L. The aggregation of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the deep Atlantic layer of ice-covered Amundsen Gulf (Beaufort Sea) in winter. Polar Biology. 2011; 34: 1959–1971. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Gradinger R.R. Bluhm B.A. In-situ observations on the distribution and behavior of amphipods and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) under the ice of the High Arctic Canada Basin. Polar Biology. 2004; 27: 595–603. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson K.A. Welch H.E. Observations of foraging northern fulmars (Fulmaris glacialis) in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic. 1992; 45: 150–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman W. Heineman D. Wiens J.A. The ecology of seabird feeding flocks in Alaska. Auk. 1981; 98: 437–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hop H. Welch H.E. Crawford R.E. Population structure and feeding ecology of cod (Boreogadus saida) schools in the Canadian High Arctic. Fish ecology in Arctic North America: proceedings of the Fish Ecology in Arctic North America Symposium, held at Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, 19–21 May 1992. Reynolds J. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda MD, 1997; 68–80.
   Google Scholar
• Irons D.B. Foraging area fidelity of individual seabirds in relation to tidal cycles and flock feeding. Ecology. 1998; 79: 647–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logerwell E.A. Hewitt R.P. Demer D.A. Scale-dependent spatial variance patterns and correlations of seabirds and prey in the southeastern Bering Sea as revealed by spectral analysis. Ecography. 1998; 21: 212–223. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst A.R. Sameoto D. Herman A. Vertical distribution of Arctic zooplankton in summer: eastern Canadian Archipelago. Journal of Plankton Research. 1984; 6: 137–168. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lønne O.J. Gulliksen B. Size, age, and diet of polar cod, Boreogadus saida (Lepechin 1773), in ice covered waters. Polar Biology. 1989; 9: 187–191. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallory M.L. Fontaine A.J. Key marine habitat sites for migratory birds in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories Occasional Paper 110. Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Matley J.K. Fisk A.T. Dick T.A. Seabird predation on Arctic cod during summer in the Canadian Arctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2012; 450: 219–228. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehlum F. Hunt G.L.Jr, Klusek Z. Decker M.B. Nordlund N. The importance of prey aggregations to the distribution of Brunnich's guillemots in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Biology. 1996; 16: 537–547. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatt J.E. Wells J.L. MacCharles A. Fadely B.S. The distribution of seabirds and fish in relation to ocean currents in the southeastern Chukchi Sea. Studies of high-latitude seabirds. 1. Behavioral, energetic, and oceanographic aspects of seabird feeding ecology. Occasional Paper 68. Montevecchi W.A. Gaston A.J. Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa, 1989; 21–31.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher T.J. The behavior of teleost fishes. Croom Helm Publishing. London, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds J. MacLennan D. Fisheries acoustics: theory and practice. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Tasker M.L. Hope Jones P. Dixon T. Blake B.F. Counting seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized approach. Auk. 1984; 101: 567–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch H.E. Bergmann M.A. Siferd T.D. Martin K.A. Curtis M.F. Crawford R.E. Canover R.J. Hop H. Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic. 1992; 45: 343–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch H.E. Crawford R.E. Hop H. Occurrence of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools and their vulnerability to predation in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic. 1993; 46: 331–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar