Managing visitor sites in Svalbard: from a precautionary approach towards knowledge-based management

References

• Aarskog K.N. Et dramatisk forslag. (A dramatic suggestion.). Svalbardposten. 2008; 60: 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Aastrup P.J. Egevang C. Tamstorf M.P. Lyberth B. Naturbeskyttelse og turisme i Nord- og Østgrønland. Faglig rapport fra DMU 545. (Nature conservation and tourism in north and east Greenland. DMU Report 545.). National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark. Copenhagen, 2005
   Google Scholar
• AECO (Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators). 2011. AECO'S guidelines for expedition cruise operations in the Arctic. Longyearbyen: Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen M. Aars J. Short-term behavioural response of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to snowmobile disturbance. Polar Biology. 2008; 31: 501–507. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson D.H. Lime D.W. Wang T.L. Maintaining the quality of park resources and visitor experiences. A handbook for managers. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Arlov T.B. Svalbards historie 1596–1996. (The history of Svalbard 1596–1996.). Aschehoug. Oslo, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Arlov T.B. Reymert P.K. Kulturminner, kulturmiljø, kulturlandskap. Rapport fra en feltekspedisjon på Svalbard i juli 2000. (Cultural remains, cultural environment, cultural landscape. Report from a field expedition in Svalbard in July 2000.). Office of the Governor of Svalbard. Longyearbyen, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Auditor General of Norway. 2006–07. Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse av forvaltningen på Svalbard. (Office of the Auditor General of Norway investigation of management in Svalbard.) Dokument 3:8. Oslo: Office of the Auditor General of Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Beale C.M. Managing visitor access to seabird colonies: a spatial simulation and empirical observations. Ibis. 2007; 149: 102–111. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Berggren S. Spetsbergens mossvegetation. (The moss vegetation of Spitsbegen.) Botaniska Notiser. Lund Botanical Society. Lund, 1873
   Google Scholar
• Bjerck H.B. Overvåking av kulturmiljø på Svalbard. Målsetting, metode og overvåking. (Monitoring historic sites at Svalbard. Aims, methodology and monitoring.). Office of the Governor of Svalbard. Longyearbyen, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Brattbakk I. Vegetasjonsregioner—Svalbard og Jan Mayen. Nasjonalatlas for Norge. Kartblad 4.1.3. (Vegetation regions—Svalbard and Jan Mayen. National atlas of Norway. Map sheet 4.1.3.). Norwegian Mapping Authority. Hønefoss, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Butler R.W. Waldbrook L.A. A new planning tool: the tourism opportunity spectrum. Journal of Tourism Studies. 2003; 14: 21–32.
   Google Scholar
• Clark R.N. Stankey G.H. Determining the acceptability of recreational impacts: an application of the outdoor recreation opportunity spectrum. Recreation impact on wildlands. Conference proceedings, October 27–29, 1978, Seattle, Washington. Ittner R. et al.. Pacific Northwest Region, US Forest Service. Seattle, 1979a; 32–42.
   Google Scholar
• Clark R.N. Stankey G.H. The recreation opportunity spectrum: a framework for planning, management, and research. General Technial Report PNW-98. Pacific Northweset Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service. Portland, 1979b
   Google Scholar
• Cole D.N. Environmental impacts of outdoor recreation in wildlands. Society and natural resources: a summary of knowledge. Manfredo M.J. et al.. Modern Litho. Jefferson MO, 2004; 107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Cole D.N. Hall T.E. Perceived effects of setting attributes on visitor experiences in wilderness: variation with situational context and visitor characteristics. Environmental Management. 2009; 44: 24–36. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Colman J.E. Jacobsen B.W. Reimers E. Summer response distances of Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus to provocation by humans on foot. Wildlife Biology. 2001; 7: 275–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney R. The precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management: an issues paper for policy-makers, researchers and practitioners. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Gland, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Dahle K. Bjerck H.B. Prestvold K. Kulturminneplan for Svalbard 2000–2010. (Cultural heritage plan for Svalbard 2000–2010.). Governor of Svalbard. Longyearbyen, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Directorate for Cultural Heritage. 2009. Kulturhistorisk stedsanalyse. En veileder i bruk av DIVE. (Historical analyses of localities. A guide for using DIVE.). Oslo: Directorate for Cultural Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• Elmqvist T. Folke C. Nystrom M. Peterson G. Bengtsson J. Walker B. Norberg J. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2003; 1: 488–494. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvebakk A. A vegetation map of Svalbard on the scale 1:3.5 mill. Phytocoenologia. 2005; 35: 951–967. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvebakk A. & Prestrud P. 1996. A catalogue of Svalbard plants, fungi, algae and cyanobacteria. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 198. Tromsø: Norwegian Polar Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Erikstad L. Lindblom I. Jerpåsen G. Hanssen M.A. Bekkby T. Stabbetorp O. Bakkestuen V. Environmental value assessment in a multidisciplinary EIA setting. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2008; 28: 131–143. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenseth A. Christensen G.N. Enviromental impacts of expedition cruise traffic around Svalbard. Akvaplan-niva. Tromsø, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Evju M. Blumentrath S. Hagen D. Nordaust-Svalbard og Søraust-Svalbard naturreservater. Kunnskapsstatus for flora og vegetasjon. (Nordaust-Svalbard and Søraust-Svalbard nature reserves. State of knowledge for flora and vegetation.) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 554. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Oslo, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Fjellberg A. Collembola. The 2010 Norwegian Red List for species. Kålås J.A. et al.. Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Trondheim, 2010; 347–354.
   Google Scholar
• Flyen A.-C. 2009. Coastal erosion—a threat to the cultural heritage at Svalbard?. Polar Research in Tromsø. 2009, 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes B.C. Ebersole J.J. Strandberg B. Anthropogenic disturbance and patch dynamics in circumpolar Arctic ecosystems. Conservation Biology. 2001; 15: 954–969. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielsen G.W. Reaksjoner på menneskelige forstyrrelser hos ærfugl, svalbardrype og krykkje i egg/ungeperioden. (The impact of human activities on eider ducks, Svalbard ptarmigan and kittiwakes during the breeding season). Vår Fuglefauna. 1987; 10: 152–158.
   Google Scholar
• GBIF. 2010. Global biodiversity information facility. Accessed on the internet at http://www.gbif.no/ on 15 April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Geelmuyden A.K. Landskapsanalyse—planredskap og erkjennelsesvei. (Landscape analyses—planning tools and way to acknowledgement). Byggekunst. 1993; 3: 152–157.
   Google Scholar
• Gill J.A. Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birds. Ibis. 2007; 149: 9–14. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill J.A. Norris K. Sutherland W.J. Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. Biological Conservation. 2001; 97: 265–268. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Governor of Svalbard. 2006. Turisme og friluftsliv på Svalbard. Utvikling, politiske føringer, rammebetingelser, utfordringer og strategier. (Tourism and outdoor recreation in Svalbard. Development, political guidelines, frameworks, challenges and strategies.). Longyearbyen: Office of the Governor of Svalbard.
   Google Scholar
• Governor of Svalbard. 2008. Reiselivsstatistikk for Svalbard 2008. (Tourism statistics for Svalbard 2008.). Longyearbyen: Office of the Governor of Svalbard.
   Google Scholar
• Governor of Svalbard. 2010. Sysselmannen på Svalbard. (The Governor of Svalbard.). Accessed on the internet at http://www.sysselmannen.no/ on 28 March 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Graefe A.R. Kuss F.R. Vaske J.J. Visitor impact management. The planning framework. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington DC, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Gundersen V. Andersen O. Kaltenborn B.P. Vistad O.I. Wold L.C. Målstyrt forvaltning. Metoder for håndtering av ferdsel i verneområder. (Management by objectives. Methods for handling recreation in protected areas.) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 615. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Lillehammer, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Hagen D. Aasetre J. Emmelin L. Communicative approaches to restoration ecology: a case study from Dovre Mountain and Svalbard, Norway. Landscape Research. 2002; 27: 359–380. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen D. Eide N.E. Fangel K. Flyen A.C. Vistad O.I. Sårbarhetsvurdering og bruk av lokaliteter på Svalbard. Sluttrapport fra forskningsprosjektet ”Miljøeffekter av ferdsel?” (Vulnerability assessment and use of visitor sites in Svalbard. Final report from the research project Environmental Impact from Human Use?) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 785. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, 2012
   Google Scholar
• Hagen D. Prestø T. Biologisk mangfold—temarapport som grunnlag for arealplan for Longyearbyen planområde. (Biodiversity—thematic report as a basis for the land use plan for Longyearbyen.) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 252. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Trondheim, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Høgvard K. Miljøovervåking av ferdselsslitasje—Grønland, Island og Svalbard. (Environmental monitoring of human use effects—Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard.) ANP 2003:530. Nordic Council of Ministers. Århus, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Hop H. Hansen J.R. Hubert-Hansen J.-P. Overvåking av biologisk mangfold i Arktis. (Monitoring biological diversity in the Arctic.) Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser 158. Norwegian Polar Institute. Tromsø, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Hübner A. Tourist images of Greenland and the Arctic: a perception analysis. Polar Record. 2009; 45: 153–166. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IUCN. 2005a. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Accessed on the internet at http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria on 19 March 2012.
   Google Scholar
• IUCN. 2005b. The Precautionary Principle Project. Accessed on the internet at http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ln250507_ppguidelines.pdf on 19 March 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen B. Tømmervik H.A. Karlsen S.R. Vegetasjonskart over Svalbard basert på satellittdata. Dokumentasjon av metoder og vegetasjonsbeskrivelser. (Vegetation map of Svalbard based on satellite data. Methods and vegetation descriptions.) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 456. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Tromsø, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Johnston M.E. Polar tourism regulation strategies: controlling visitors through codes of conduct and legislation. Polar Record. 1997; 33: 13–20. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Jorgenson J.C. Hoef J.M.V. Jorgenson M.T. Long-term recovery patterns of Arctic tundra after winter seismic exploration. Ecological Applications. 2010; 20: 205–221. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørstad E. Skogen K. The Norwegian Red List between science and policy. Environmental Science & Policy. 2010; 13: 115–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kålås J.A. Gjershaug J.O. Husby M. Lifjeld J. Lislevand T. Strann K.-B. Strøm H. Aves. The 2010 Norwegian Red List for species. Kålås J.A. et al.. Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Trondheim, 2010; 419–430.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn B.P. Emmelin L. Tourism in the High North: management challenges and recreation opportunity spectrum planning in Svalbard, Norway. Environmental Management. 1993; 17: 41–50. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klokk T. Rønning O.I. Revegetation experiments at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Arctic and Alpine Research. 1987; 19: 549–553. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss F.R. Graefe A.R. Vaske J.J. Visitor impact management. A review of research. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington DC, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Kværner J. Swensen G. Erikstad L. Assessing environmental vulnerability in EIA—the content and context of the vulnerability concept in an alternative approach to standard EIA procedure. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2006; 26: 511–527. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau D. & Splettstoesser J. 2007. Antarctic tourism: what are the limits?. InJ.M.Snyder & B.Stonehouse. Prospects for polar tourism. Pp. 197–209. Oxford: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lehman E.W. Political society. A macrosociology of politics. Columbia University Press. New York, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Madsen J. Tombre I.M. Eide N.E. Effects of disturbance on geese in Svalbard: implications for management of increasing tourism activities. Polar Research. 2009; 28: 376–389. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredo M.J. Teel T.L. Bright A.D. Application of the concepts of values and attitudes in human dimensions of natural resources research. Society and natural resources: a summary of knowledge. Manfredo M.J. et al.. Modern Litho. Jefferson MO, 2004; 361.
   Google Scholar
• Manning R.E. Recreation planning framworks. Society and natural resources: a summary of knowledge. Manfredo M.J. et al.. Modern Litho. Jefferson MO, 2004; 83–96.
   Google Scholar
• Mason P. Tourism codes of conduct in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 1997; 5: 151–165. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Mattsson J. Flyen A.C. Nunez M. Wood-decaying fungi in protected buildings and structures on Svalbard. Agarica. 2010; 29: 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Environment. 1995. Forvaltningsplan for turisme og friluftsliv på Svalbard. (Management plan for tourism and outdoor recreation at Svalbard.). Oslo: Ministry of the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Environment. 2009–10. Prop. 1 S. Proposisjon til Stortinget (forslag til stortingsvedtak). For budsjettåret 2010. (Prop. 1 S. Proposition to Parliament (proposal for Parliament decision.) For the budget year 2010.). Oslo: Ministry of the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Justice and the Police. 2008–09. Svalbard. Stortingsmelding nr 22. (Svalbard. White Paper 22.). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and the Police.
   Google Scholar
• Monz C.A. The response of two Arctic tundra plant communities to human trampling disturbance. Jounal of Environmental Management. 2002; 64: 207–217. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monz C.A. Cole D.N. Leung Y.-F. Marion J.L. Sustaining visitor use in protected areas: future opportunities in recreation ecology research based on the USA experience. Environmental Management. 2010; 45: 551–562. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nellemann C. Kullerud L. Vistnes I. Forbes B.C. Husby E. Kofinas G.P. Kaltenborn B.P. Rouaud J. Magomedova M. Bobiwash R. Lambrechts C. Schei P.J. Tveitdal S. Grøn Ø. Larsen T.S. GLOBIO. Global methodology for mapping human impacts on the biosphere. The Arctic 2050 scenario and global application. UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environmental Programme. Nairobi, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Nepal S.K. Way P. Comparison of vegetation conditions along two backcountry trails in Mount Robson Provincial Park, British Columbio (Canada). Jounal of Environmental Management. 2007; 82: 240–249. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson C. Grelsson G. The fragility of ecosystems: a review. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1995; 32: 677–692. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norddal T. En analyse av sannsynligheten for ulykker ved seilas på Øst-Svalbard. (Risk assessment for accidents related to shipping in eastern Svalbard.). Ramboll. Trondheim, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Norsk Standard. 2004. Tilstandsanalyse av fredete og verneverdige bygninger. (Condition survey of protected buildings with historical value.) NS 3423. Oslo: Standard Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Polar Institute. 2007. Cruise handbook for Svalbard. Tromsø: Norwegian Polar Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Polar Institute. 2011. Cruise tourism. Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen—MOSJ. Accessed on the internet at http://mosj.npolar.no/no/influence/traffic/indicators/cruiseturisme.html on 14 April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Overrein Ø. Svalbard—et av de best forvaltede villmarksområder i verden? Prinsipper for god villmarksforvaltning. (Svalbard—one of the best managed wilderness areas in the world? Principles for good wilderness management.). Norwegian Polar Institute. Tromsø, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Overrein Ø. Virkninger av motorferdsel på fauna og vegetasjon. (Effects of motorized traffic on fauna and vegetation.) Norwegian Polar Institute Rapportserie 119. Norwegian Polar Institute. Tromsø, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Overrein Ø. 2010. MOSJ Rapport—ferdsel. (MOSJ report—human traffic.). Tromsø: Norwegian Polar Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson M. Stehberg R. Senatore M.X. Gatica C. Conserving the oldest historic sites in the Antarctic: the challenges in managing the sealing sites in the South Shetland Islands. Polar Record. 2010; 46: 57–64. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prach K. Kosnar J. Klimesova J. Hais M. High Arctic vegetation after 70 years: a repeated analysis from Svalbard. Polar Biology. 2010; 33: 635–639. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Råheim E. Registration of vehicular tracks on the Svalbard Archipelago. Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser 22. Norwegian Polar Institute. Oslo, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Resvoll-Holmsen H. En del planter fra Sydkaplandet paa Spitsbergen. (Some plant species from Sydkaplandet in Spitsbergen.). Naturen. 1921; 44: 307–314.
   Google Scholar
• Ritzer G. Contemporary sociological theory.3rd edn. McGraw-Hill. New York, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck J.W. Williams D.R. Watson A.E. Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness. Environmental Management. 1993; 17: 187–197. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rønning O.I. Studies in Dryadion of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 134. Norwegian Polar Institute. Oslo, 1965
   Google Scholar
• Sander G. Hanssen-Bauer I. Bjørge A. Prestrud P. The Environmental Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen—MOSJ: documentation of the system and the first assessments of the state of the environment. Norwegian Polar Institute. Tromsø, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz S.H. Beyond individualism/collectivism. New cultural dimensions of values. Individualism and collectivism. Theory, method, and applications. Kim U. et al.. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks CA, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Scioscia G. Rey A.R. Favero M. Schiavini A. Colony attendance patterns of Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Isla Martillo, Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego: guidelines to minimize human disturbance. Ornitoligia Neotropical. 2009; 20: 27–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott S.V. How cautious is precautious? Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2001; 50: 963–971. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Google Scholar
• Solstad H. Elven R. Alm T. Alsos I. G. Bratli H. Fremstad E. Mjelde M. Moe B. Pedersen O. Karplanter (Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta). (Vascular plants [Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta].). The 2010 Norwegian Red List for species. Kålås J.A. et al.. Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Trondheim, 2010; 155–182.
   Google Scholar
• Speed J.D.M. Cooper E.J. Jonsdottir I.S. van der Wal R. Woodin S.J. Plant community properties predict vegetation resilience to herbivore disturbance in the Arctic. Journal of Ecology. 2010; 98: 1002–1013. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankey G.H. Cole D.N. Lucas R.C. Petersen M.E. Frissell S.S. The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. General Technical Report INT-176. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service. Ogden UT, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Stankey G.H. McCool S.F. Social sciences and natural resources management. An assessment of advances. A summary of knowledge. Society and natural resources: a summary of knowledge. Manfredo M.J. et al.. Modern Litho. Jefferson MO, 2004; 21–34.
   Google Scholar
• Stern M.J. The power of trust: toward a theory of local opposition to neighboring protected areas. Society and Natural Resources. 2008; 21: 859–875. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg B. Vegetation recovery following anthropogenic disturbances in Greenland. Disturbance and recovery in Arctic lands. Crawford R.M.M. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, 1997; 381–390.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland W.J. Pullin A.S. Dolman P.M. Kneight T.M. The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2004; 19: 305–308. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svalbard Næringsutvikling. 1997. Reiselivsplan for Svalbard—utfordringer og strategier. (Tourist plan for Svalbard—challenges and strategies.). Longyearbyen: Svalbard Næringsutvikling (Svalbard Commercial Development).
   Google Scholar
• Swendson J.E. Bjørge A. Kovacs K. Syvertsen P.O. Wiig Ø. Zedrosser A. Mammalia. The 2010 Norwegian Red List for species. Kålås J.A. et al.. Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. Trondheim, 2010; 431–440.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler N.J.C. Mercer J.B. Heart-rate and behavioural responces to disturbance in Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus. Recent developments in deer biology. Milne J.AMacaulay Land Use Research Institute. Aberdeen, 1998; 233–234.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme). 2007. Tourism in the polar regions. The sustainability challenge. Paris: Sustainable Consumption and Production Branch, United Nations Environmental Program andWashingtonDC: The International Ecotourism Society.
   Google Scholar
• Vistad O.I. 1995. I skogen og i skolten. Ein analyse av friluftsliv, miljøoppleving, påverknad og forvaltning i Femundsmarka, med jamføringar til Rogen og Långfjället. (In the forest and in the head. An analysis of outdoor recreation, recreational experiences, recreational impacts and management in Femundsmarka, compared to Rogen and Långfjället.). PhD thesis, University of Trondheim.
   Google Scholar
• Vistad O.I. Eide N.E. Hagen D. Erikstad L. Landa A. Miljøeffekter av ferdsel og turisme i Arktis. En litteratur-og forstudie med vekt på Svalbard. (Environmental effects on human traffic and tourism in the Arctic. A review focussing on Svalbard.) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Report 316. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Oslo, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Vistad O.I. & Vorkinn M. 2012. The wilderness purism construct—experiences from Norway with a simplified version of the purism scale. Forest Policy and Economics 19. 39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Vistnes I. Nellemann C. The matter of spatial and temporal scales: a review of reindeer and caribou response to human activity. Polar Biology. 2008; 31: 399–407. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson A. Glaspell B. Christensen N. Lachapelle P. Sahanatien V. Gertsch F. Giving voice to wildlands visitors: selecting indicators to protect and sustain experiences in the eastern Arctic of Nunavut. Environmental Management. 2007; 40: 880–888. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe S.A. Griffith B. Wolfe C.A.G. Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities. Polar Research. 2000; 19: 63–73. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.18432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar