Palaeoenvironment of Eocene prodelta in Spitsbergen recorded by the trace fossil Phycosiphon incertum

References

• Bann K.L., Tye S.C., MacEachern J.A., Fielding C.R., Jones B.G. Hampson G.J. Ichnological and sedimentological signatures of mixed wave- and storm-dominated deltaic deposits: examples from the early Permian Sydney Basin, Australia. Recent advances in models of siliciclastic shallow-marine stratigraphy. 2008; Tulsa: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 293–332.
   Google Scholar
• Bednarz M., McIlroy D. Three-dimensional reconstruction of “phycosiphoniform” burrows: implications for identification of trace fossil in core. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2009; 12 12.3.13A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond D.P.G., Wignall P.B. Pyrite framboid study of marine Permian–Triassic boundary sections: a complex anoxic event and its relationship to contemporaneous mass extinction. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 2010; 122: 1265–1279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouma A.H. Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: a graphic approach to facies interpretation. 1962; Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bromley R.G. Enhancement of visibility of structures in marly chalk: modification of the Bushinsky oil technique. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 1981; 29: 111–118.
   Google Scholar
• Bromley R.G. Trace fossils: biology, taphonomy and applications. 1996; London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Buatois L.A., Saccavino L.L., Zavala C. Slatt R.M., Zavala C. Ichnologic signatures of hyperpycnal flow deposits in Cretaceous river-dominated deltas, Austral Basin, southern Argentina. Sediment transfer from shelf to deep water—revisiting the delivery system. 2011; Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 153–170.
   Google Scholar
• Buatois L.A., Santiago N., Herrera M., Plink-Björklund P., Steel R., Espin M., Parra K. Sedimentological and ichnological signatures of changes in wave, river and tidal influence along a Neogene tropical deltaic shoreline. Sedimentology. 2012; 59: 1568–1612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buatois L.A., Santiago N., Parra K., Steel R. Animal–substrate interactions in an early Miocene wave dominated tropical delta: delineating environmental stresses and depositional dynamics (Tácata field, eastern Venezuela). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 2008; 78: 458–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert S.E. Ittekkot V. Geochemistry and origin of the Holocene sapropel in the Black Sea. Facets of modern biogeochemistry. 1990; Berlin: Springer. 326–352.
   Google Scholar
• Calvert S.E., Pedersen T.F. Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: implications for the geological record. Marine Geology. 1993; 113: 67–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona N.B., Buatois L.A., Ponce J.J., Mángano M.A. Ichnology and sedimentology of a tide-influenced delta, Lower Miocene Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: trace-fossil distribution and response to environmental stresses. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009; 273: 75–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalland A. Erratic clasts in the lower Tertiary deposits of Svalbard—evidence of transport by winter ice. Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok. 1977; 1976: 151–165.
   Google Scholar
• Dallmann W.K., Midbø P.S., Nøttvedt A., Steel R.J. Dallmann W.K. Tertiary lithostratigraphy. Lithostratigraphic lexicon of Svalbard. 1999; Tromsø: Norwegian Polar Institute. 215–163.
   Google Scholar
• de Gibert J.M., Martinell J. Ichnofabric analysis of the Pliocene marine sediments of the Var Basin (Nice, SE France). Geobios. 1998; 31: 271–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorador J., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., IODP Expedition 339 Scientists. Digital image treatment applied to ichnological analysis of marine core sediments. Facies. 2014a; 60: 39–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorador J., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., IODP Expedition 339 Scientists. Quantitative estimation of bioturbation based on digital image analysis. Marine Geology. 2014b; 349: 55–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorador J., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., IODP Expedition 339 Scientists . novel application of quantitative pixels analysis to trace fossil research in marine cores. Palaios. in press
   Google Scholar
• Dustira A.M., Wignall P.B., Joachimski M., Blomeier D., Hartkopf-Fröder C., Bond D.P.G. Gradual onset of anoxia across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Svalbard, Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2013; 374: 303–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dypvik H., Riber L., Burca F., Rüther D., Jargvoll D., Nagy J., Jochmann M. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in Svalbard—clay mineral and geochemical signals. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2011; 303: 156–169.
   Google Scholar
• Ekdale A.A., Mason T.R. Characteristic trace-fossil associations in oxygen-poor sedimentary environments. Geology. 1988; 16: 720–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu S. Funktion, Verhalten und Einteilung fucoider und lophoctenoider Lebensspuren. (Function, behavior and classification of fucoides and lophoctenoides traces.) Courier Forschungsinstitut Senkenberg. Vol. 135. 1991; Frankfurt: Senckenberg Natural Research Society.
   Google Scholar
• Gallego-Torres D., Martínez-Ruiz F., Meyers P.A., Paytan A., Jiménez-Espejo F.J., Ortega-Huertas M. Productivity patterns and N-fixation associated with Pliocene–Holocene sapropels: paleoceanographic and paleoecological significance. Biogeosciences. 2010; 8: 415–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Torres D., Martínez-Ruiz F., Paytan A., Jiménez-Espejo F.J., Ortega-Huertas M. Pliocene–Holocene evolution of depositional conditions in the eastern Mediterranean: role of anoxia vs. productivity at 632 time of sapropel deposition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2007; 246: 424–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldring R., Pollard J.E., Taylor A.M. Anconichnus horizontalis: a pervasive ichnofabric-forming trace fossil in post-Paleozoic offshore siliciclastic facies. Palaios. 1991; 6: 250–263.
   Google Scholar
• Harland W.B. The geology of Svalbard. 1997; London: Geological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Hovikoski J., Lemiski R., Gingras M., Pemberton G., MacEachern J.A. Ichnology and sedimentology of a mud-dominated deltaic coast: Upper Cretaceous Alderson Member (Lea Park Fm), western Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 2008; 78: 803–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard S.M., MacEachern J.A., Bann K.L. Knaust D., Bromley R. Slopes. Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments. 2012; Amsterdam: Elsevier. 607–642.
   Google Scholar
• Jones B.A., Manning D.A.C. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of paleoredox conditions in ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology. 1994; 111: 111–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaust D., Bromley R. Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments. 2012; Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Liao W., Wang Y.B., Kershaw S., Weng Z.T., Yang H. Shallow-marine dysoxia across the Permian–Triassic boundary: evidence from pyrite framboids in the microbialite in South China. Sedimentary Geology. 2010; 232: 77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaco P., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. Ichnological analysis of lateral environmental heterogeneity within the Bonarelli level (uppermost Cenomanian) in the classical localities near Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy. Palaios. 2012; 27: 48–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder T. Hüneke H., Mulder T. Gravity processes and deposits on continental slope, rise and abyssal plains. Deep-sea sediments. 2011; Amsterdam: Elsevier. 25–148.
   Google Scholar
• Nagao S., Nakashima S. Possible complexation of Uranium with dissolved humic substances in pore water of marine-sediments. Science of the Total Environment. 1992; 118: 439–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy J. Delta-influenced foraminiferal facies and sequence stratigraphy of Paleocene deposits in Spitsbergen. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2005; 222: 161–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy J., Jargvoll D., Dypvik H., Jochmann M., Riber L. Environmental changes during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in Spitsbergen as reflected by benthic foraminifera. Polar Research. 2013; 32: 19737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19737.
   Google Scholar
• Powell W.G., Johston P.A., Collom C.J. Geochemical evidence for oxygenated bottom waters during deposition of fossiliferous strata of the Burgess Shale Formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2003; 201: 249–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reolid M. Pyritized radiolarians and siliceous sponges from oxygen restricted deposits (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic). Facies. 2014; 60: 789–799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reolid M., Martínez-Ruiz F. Comparison of benthic foraminifera and geochemical proxies in shelf deposits from the Upper Jurassic of the Prebetic (southern Spain). Journal of Iberian Geology. 2012; 38: 449–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reolid M., Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Marok A., Sebane A. The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the western Saharan Atlas, Algeria (North African paleomargin): role of anoxia and productivity. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 2012; 124: 1646–1664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson A.K., Filippelli G.M. Paleoproductivity variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific over glacial timescales. Abstract Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. 2008; 89(53): P33C–1576.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Dorador J. Ichnological analysis of Pleistocene sediments from the IODP Site U1385 “Shackleton Site” on the Iberian Margin: approaching palaeoenvironmental conditions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2014; 409: 24–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. Trace fossils after the K–T boundary event from the Agost section, SE Spain. Geological Magazine. 2004a; 141: 429–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. Ichnotaxonomic analysis of the Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary interval in the Agost section, south-east Spain. Cretaceous Research. 2004b; 25: 635–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. Ichnological analysis of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary interval at the Caravaca section, SE Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2006; 242: 313–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A. Ichnofabric evidence for the lack of bottom anoxia during the lower Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Fuente de la Vidriera section, Betic Cordillera, Spain. Palaios. 2010; 25: 576–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Alegret L., Molina E. Impact of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the macrobenthic community: ichnological record from the Zumaia section, northern Spain. Marine Geology. 2011; 282: 178–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Martín-Algarra A. Oceanic anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary interval (OAE-2): ichnological approach from the Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. Lethaia. 2009; 42: 407–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Martín-Algarra A., O'Dogherty L. Nutrient spatial variation during intrabasinal upwelling at the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event in the westernmost Tethys: an ichnological and facies approach. Sedimentary Geology. 2009; 215: 83–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Orue-Etxebarria X., Apellaniz E.I. Palaeoenvironmental changes during the Danian–Selandian boundary interval: the ichnological record at the Sopelana section (Basque Basin, W Pyrenees). Sedimentary Geology. 2013; 284–285: 106–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Orue-Etxebarria X., Apellaniz E., Baceta J.I. Ichnological analysis of the Bidart and Sopelana Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) sections (Basque Basin, W Pyrenees): refining eco-sedimentary environment. Sedimentary Geology. 2011; 234: 42–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Payros A., Orue-Etxebarria X., Apellaniz E.I., Molina E. Sea-level dynamics and palaeoecological factors affecting trace fossil distribution in Eocene turbiditic deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2010; 285: 50–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen W.J., Lin Y.T., Xu L., Li J.F., Wu Y.S., Sung Y.G. Pyrite framboids in the Permian–Triassic boundary section at Meishan, China: evidence for dysoxic deposition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2007; 253: 323–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stow D.A.V., Wetzel A. Cochran J.R., etal. Hemiturbidite: a new type of deep-water sediment. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project. Scientific results. Vol. 116. 1990; College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program. 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Spielhagen R.F., Tripati A. Evidence from Svalbard for near-freezing temperatures and climate oscillations in the Artic during the Paleocene and Eocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009; 278: 48–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y.B., Wu F., Clemens S.C., Oppo D.W. Processes controlling the geochemical composition of the South China Sea sediments during the last climatic cycle. Chemical Geology. 2008; 257: 234–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgeon S., Brumsack H.J. Anoxic vs. dysoxic events reflected in sediment geochemistry during the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (Cretaceous) in the Umbria-Marche basin of central Italy. Chemical Geology. 2006; 234: 321–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchman A. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: the Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria. 1995; 15: 3–115.
   Google Scholar
• Uchman A. Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: revision of the Marian Ksiazkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae. 1998; 68: 105–218.
   Google Scholar
• Uchman A. Ichnology of the Rhenodanubian Flysch (Lower Cretaceous-Eocene) in Austria and Germany). Beringeria. 1999; 25: 67–173.
   Google Scholar
• Uchman A., Wetzel A. Hüneke H., Mulder T. Deep-sea ichnology: the relationships between depositional environment and endobenthic organisms. Deep-sea sediments. 2011; Amsterdam: Elsevier. 517–556.
   Google Scholar
• Uchman A., Wetzel A. Knaust D., Bromley R.G. Deep-sea fan. Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments. 2012; Amsterdam: Elsevier. 643–672.
   Google Scholar
• Weiguo L., Bhattacharya J.P., Yingmin W. Delta asymmetry: concepts, characteristics, and depositional models. Petroleum Science. 2011; 8: 278–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel A. Recent bioturbation in the deep South China Sea: a uniformitarian ichnologic approach. Palaios. 2008; 23: 601–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel A. Deep-sea ichnology: observations in modern sediments to interpret fossil counterparts. Acta Geologica Polonica. 2010; 60: 125–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel A., Balson P. Sedimentology of fine-grained turbidites inferred from continuously recorded physical properties data. Marine Geology. 1992; 104: 165–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel A., Bromley R.G. Phycosiphon incertum revisited: Anconichnus horizontalis is its junior subjective synonym. Journal of Paleontology. 1994; 60: 1396–1402.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel A., Uchman A. Sequential colonization of muddy turbidites in the Eocene Beloveža Formation, Carpathians, Poland. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2001; 168: 171–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel A., Uchman A. Knaust D., Bromley R.G. Hemipelagic and pelagic basin plains. Trace fossils as indicators of sedimentary environments. 2012; Amsterdam: Elsevier. 673–701.
   Google Scholar
• Wignall P.B., Myers K.J. Interpreting the benthic oxygen levels in mudrocks: a new approach. Geology. 1988; 16: 452–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wignall P.B., Newton R., Brookfield M.E. Pyrite framboid evidence for oxygen-poor deposition during the Permian–Triassic crisis in Kashmir. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2005; 216: 183–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L., Brantley S.L. The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: an indicator of redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1996; 60: 3897–3912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L., Wignall P.B., Su J., Feng Q., Xie S., Zhao L., Huang J. U/Mo ratios and d98/95Mo as local and global redox proxies during mass extinction events. Chemical Geology. 2012; 324–325: 99–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar