Nitrate stable isotopes and major ions in snow and ice samples from four Svalbard sites

References

• Aanes R., Sæther B.-E., Øritsland N.A. Fluctuations of an introduced population of Svalbard reindeer: the effects of density dependence and climatic variation. Ecography. 2000; 23: 437–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoroso A., Beine H.J., Sparapani R., Nardino M., Allegrini I. Observation of coinciding Arctic boundary layer ozone depletion and snow surface emissions of nitrous acid. Atmospheric Environment. 2006; 40: 1949–1956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin O.K. Reassessing the nitrogen relations of Arctic plants: a mini-review. Plant Cell Environment. 1996; 19: 695–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudon E., Moore J.C., Martma T., Pohjola V.A., van de Wal R.S.W., Kohler J., Isaksson E. Lomonosovfonna and Holtedahlfonna ice cores reveal east–west disparities of the Spitsbergen environment since AD 1700. Journal of Glaciology. 2013; 59: 1069–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beine H.J., Dominé F., Ianniello A., Nardino M., Allegrini I., Teinilä K., Hillamo R. Fluxes of nitrates between snow surfaces and the atmosphere in the European High Arctic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2003; 3: 335–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman M.P. Nitrate dynamics in the Arctic winter snowpack. 2013; Oslo: Akademika Publishing. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Dissertation Series 1397.
   Google Scholar
• Björkman M.P., Kühnel R., Patridge D.G., Roberts T.J., Aas W., Mazzola M., Viola A., Hodson A., Ström J., Isaksson E. Nitrate dry deposition in Svalbard. Tellus B. 2013; 65 article no. 19071.
   Google Scholar
• Björkman M.P., Zarsky J.D., Kühnel R., Hodson A., Settler B., Psenner R. Microbial cell retention in a melting High Arctic snowpack, Svalbard. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. 2014; 46: 471–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blunier T., Floch G.L., Jacobi H.-W., Quansah E. Isotopic view on nitrate loss in Antarctic surface snow. Geophysical Research Letters. 2005; 32 L13501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottenheim J.W., Gallant A.G., Brice K.A. Measurements of NO y species and O3 at 82°N latitude. Geophysical Research Letters. 1986; 13: 113–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimblecombe P., Tranter M., Abrahams P.W., Blackwood I., Davies T.D., Vincent C.E. Relocation and preferential elution of acidic solute through the snowpack of a small, remote, high-altitude Scottish catchment. Annals of Glaciology. 1985; 7: 141–147.
   Google Scholar
• Burkhart J.F., Hutterli M., Bales R.C., McConnell J.R. Seasonal accumulation timing and preservation of nitrate in firn at Summit, Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2004; 109 D19302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll M.A., Thompson A.M. Barker J.R. NO x in the non-urban troposphere. Progress and problems in atmospheric chemistry. 1995; Singapore: World Scientific. 198–255.
   Google Scholar
• Casciotti K.L., Sigman D.M., Hastings M.G., Böhlke J.K., Hilkert A. Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method. Analytical Chemistry. 2002; 74: 4905–4912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coplen T.B., Böhlke J.K., Casciotti K.L. Using dual-bacterial denitrification to improve δ 15N determinations of nitrates containing mass-independent 17O. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2004; 18: 245–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibb J.E., Arsenault M., Peterson M.C., Honrath R.E. Fast nitrogen oxide photochemistry in Summit, Greenland snow. Atmospheric Environment. 2002; 36: 2501–2511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson L.G. INSTAAR constraints to nitrogen fixation by cryptogamic crusts in a polar desert ecosystem, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 2000; 32: 40–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draxler R.R., Hess G.D. An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modeling system of trajectories, dispersion, and deposition. Austrian Meteorological Magazine. 1998; 47: 295–308.
   Google Scholar
• EC-JRC/PBL (European Commission, Joint Research Centre/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency). Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) version 4.2. 2011. Accessed on the internet at http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu on 12 August 2013..
   Google Scholar
• Eneroth K., Kjellström E., Holmén K. A trajectory climatology for Svalbard; investigating how atmospheric flow patterns influence observed tracer concentrations. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 2003; 28: 1191–1203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix J.D., Elliot E.M., Shaw S.L. Nitrogen isotopic composition of coal-fired power plant NO x : influence of emission controls and implications for global emission inventories. Environmental Science and Technology. 2012; 46: 3528–3535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Førland E.J., Benestad R., Hanssen-Bauer I., Haugen J.E., Skaugen T.E. Temperature and precipitation development at Svalbard 1900–2100. Advances in Meteorology. 2011. article no. 893790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsström S., Ström J., Pedersen C.A., Isaksson E., Gerland S. Elemental carbon distribution in Svalbard snow. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2009; 114 D19112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyer H.D. Seasonal variation of 15N/14N ratios in atmospheric nitrate species. Tellus B. 1991; 43: 30–44.
   Google Scholar
• Freyer H.D., Kobel K., Delmas R.J., Kley D., Legrand M.R. First results of 15N/14N ratios in nitrate from alpine and polar ice cores. Tellus B. 1996; 48: 93–105.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons J.D., Chakraborti S. Nonparametric statistical inference. 2003; 4th edn, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goto-Azuma K., Koerner R.M. Ice core studies of anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate trends in the Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2001; 106: 4959–4969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings M.G. Evaluating source, chemistry and climate change based upon the isotopic composition of nitrate in ice cores. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2010; 9 article no. 012002.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings M.G., Jarvis J.C., Steig E.J. Anthropogenic impacts on nitrogen isotopes of ice-core nitrate. Science. 2009; 324: 1288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings M.G., Steig E.J., Sigman D.M. Seasonal variations in N and O isotopes of nitrate in snow at Summit, Greenland: implications for the study of nitrate in snow and ice cores. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2004; 109 D20306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton T.H.E. 15N/14N ratios pf nitrate and ammonium in rain at Pretoria, South Africa. Atmospheric Environment. 1987; 21: 843–852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton T.H.E., Wynn P., Tye A.M. Low 15N/14N ratios for nitrate in snow in the High Arctic (79°N). Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38: 5611–5621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisdal V. Svalbard nature and history. 1998; Oslo: Norwegian Polar Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Honrath R.E., Guo S., Peterson M.C., Dziobak M.P., Dibb J.E., Arsenault M.A. Photochemical production of gas phase NO x from ice crystal . Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2000; 105: 24183–24190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honrath R.E., Peterson M.C., Guo S., Dibb J.E., Shepson P.B., Campbell B. Evidence of NO x production within or upon ice particles in the Greenland snowpack. Geophysical Research Letters. 1999; 26: 695–698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis J.C., Steig E.J., Hastings M.G., Kunasek S.A. Influence of local photochemistry on isotopes of nitrate in Greenland snow. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008; 35 L21804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahl J.D.W., Martinez D.A., Kuhns H., Davidson C.I., Jaffrezo J.-L., Harris J.M. Air mass trajectories to Summit, Greenland: a 44-year climatology and some episodic events. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans. 1997; 102: 26861–26875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser J., Hastings M.G., Houlton B.Z., Röckmann T., Sigman D.M. Triple oxygen isotope analysis of nitrate using the denitrifier method and thermal decomposition of N2O. Analytical Chemistry. 2007; 79: 599–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S., Qin D., Mayewski P., Gjessing Y. Snow chemistry in Svalbard, Arctic. Bulletin of Glaciological Research. 2001; 18: 9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Kekonen T., Moore J.C., Mulvaney R., Isaksson E., Pohjola V., van De Wal R.S.W. A 800 year record of nitrate from the Lomonosovfonna ice core, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology. 2002; 35: 261–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühnel R., Björkman M.P., Vega C.P., Hodson A., Isaksson E., Ström J. Reactive nitrogen and sulphate wet deposition at Zeppelin Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Polar Research. 2013; 32 article no. 19136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühnel R., Roberts T.J., Björkman M.P., Isaksson E., Aas W., Holmén K., Ström J. 20-year climatology of and wet deposition at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Advances in Meteorology. 2011. 2011, article no. 406508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D., Wang X. Nitrogen isotopic signature of soil-released nitric oxide (NO) after fertilizer application. Atmospheric Environment. 2008; 42: 4747–4754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S.C., Trainer M., Fehsenfeld F.C., Parrish D.D., Williams E.J., Fahey D.W., Hübler G., Murphy P.C. Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 1987; 92: 4191–4207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalski G., Scott Z., Kabiling M., Thiemens M.H. First measurements and modeling of Δ17O in atmospheric nitrate. Geophysical Research Letters. 2003; 30 article no. 1870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin S., Erbland J., Savarino J., Domine F., Bock J., Friess U., Jacobi H.-W., Sihler H., Martins J.M.F. An isotopic view on the connection between photolytic emissions of NO x from the Arctic snowpack and its oxidation by reactive halogens. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2012; 117 D00R08.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin S., Savarino J., Bekki S., Gong S., Bottenheim J.W. Signature of Arctic surface ozone depletion events in the isotope anomaly (Δ17O) of atmospheric nitrate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2007; 7: 1451–1469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin S., Savarino J., Frey M.M., Domine F., Jacobi H.-W., Kaleschke L., Martins J.M.F. Comprehensive isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean boundary layer from 65°S to 79°N. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2009; 114 D05303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin S., Savarino J., Frey M.M., Yan N., Bekki S., Bottenheim J.W., Martins J.M.F. Tracing the origin and fate of NO x in the Arctic atmosphere using stable isotopes in nitrate. Science. 2008; 322: 730–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosier A.R., Bleken M.A., Chaiwanakupt P., Ellis E.C., Freney J.R., Howarth R.B., Matson P.A., Minami K., Naylor R., Weeks K.N., Zhu Z.-L. Policy implications of human-accelerated nitrogen cycling. Biogeochemistry. 2002; 57–58: 477–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuth C., Kohler J., König M., von Deschwanden A., Hagen J.O., Kääb A., Moholdt G., Pettersson R. Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard. The Cryosphere. 2013; 7: 1603–1621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohjola V.A., Martma T.A., Meijer J.A.J., Moore J.C., Isaksson E., Vaikmäe R., van de Wal R.S.W. Reconstruction of three centuries of annual accumulation rates based on the record of stable isotopes of water from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology. 2002; 35: 57–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn P.K., Shaw G., Andrews E., Dutton E.G., Ruoho-Airola T., Gong S.L. Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps. Tellus B. 2007; 59: 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen L.A., Kohler J. Mass balance of three Svalbard glaciers reconstructed back to 1948. Polar Research. 2007; 26: 168–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinnan R., Michelsen A., Bååth E., Jonasson S. Fifteen years of climate change manipulations alter soil microbial communities in a Subarctic heath ecosystem. Global Change Biology. 2007; 13: 28–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röthlisberger R., Hutterli M.A., Wolff E.W., Mulvaney R., Fischer H., Bigler M., Goto-Azuma K., Hansson M., Ruth U., Siggaard M.-L., Steffensen J.P. Nitrate in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores: a detailed description of post-depositional processes. Annals of Glaciology. 2002; 35: 209–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggirello R.M., Hermanson M.H., Isaksson E., Teixeira C., Forsström S., Muir D.C.G., Pohjola V., van de Wal R., Meijer H.A.J. Current use and legacy pesticide deposition to ice caps on Svalbard, Norway. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2010; 115 D18308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samyn D., Vega C., Pohjola V.A. Nitrate and sulfate anthropogenic trends in the 20th century from five Svalbard ice cores. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 2012; 44: 490–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuler T.V., Dunse T., Østby T.I., Hagen J.O. Meteorological conditions on an Arctic ice cap—8 years of automatic weather station data from Austfonna, Svalbard. International Journal of Climatology. 2013; 34: 2047–2058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb A., Braekkan R., Joranger E. Major ions in Spitsbergen snow samples. Geophysical Research Letters. 1984; 11: 445–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver G.R., Chapin F.S. III. Response to fertilization by various plant growth forms in an Alaskan tundra: nutrient accumulation and growth. Ecology. 1980; 61: 662–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl A., Berg T., Burkhart J.F., Fjæ´raa A.M., Forster C., Herber A., Hov Ø., Lunder C., McMillan W.W., Oltmans S., Shiobara M., Simpson D., Solberg S., Stebel K., Ström J., Tørseth K., Treffeisen R., Virkkunen K., Yttri K.E. Arctic smoke–record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2007; 7: 511–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twickler M., Whitlow S. Appendix B. Guide for the collection and analysis of ITASE snow and firn samples. 1997; Bern: Past Global Changes. In P.A. Mayewski & I.D. Goodwin (compilers): International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition: 200 years of past Antarctic climate and environmental change. Science and implementation plan, 1996: report from the ITASE Workshop, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2–3 August, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Vega C.P., Pohjola V.A., Samyn D., Pettersson R., Isaksson E., Björkman M.P., Martma T., Marca A., Kaiser J. First ice core records of nitrate stable isotopes from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. 2015; 120: 313–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff E.W. Delmas R. Nitrate in polar ice. Ice core studies of global biogeochemical cycles. 1995; New York: Springer. 195–224.
   Google Scholar
• Xu L., Penner J.E. Global simulations of nitrate and ammonium aerosols and their radiative effects. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2012; 12: 9479–9504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar