3,535
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research/review articles

On-site and in situ remediation technologies applicable to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in the Antarctic and Arctic

&
Article: 24492 | Published online: 07 Sep 2015

References

  • Abhilash P.C., Singh H.B., Powell J.R., Singh B.K. Plant–microbe interactions: novel applications for exploitation in multi-purpose remediation technologies. Trends in Biotechnology. 2012; 30: 416–420.
  • Acar Y.B., Gale R.J. Electrokinetic remediation: basics and technology status. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1995; 40: 117–137.
  • Acuña A.J., Pucci O.H., Pucci G.N. Gomes G.S. Electrobioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil from Patagonia Argentina. New technologies in the oil and gas industry. 2012; Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. 29–48.
  • ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). Oil and other hazardous substances pollution control. 18 AAC 75. 2012; Juneau, AK: Department of Environmental Quality.
  • Aislabie J.M., Balks M.R., Foght J.M., Waterhouse E.J. Hydrocarbon spills on Antarctic soil: effect and management. Environmental Science and Technology. 2004; 38: 1265–1274.
  • Aislabie J.M., Saul D.E., Foght J.M. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated polar soils. Extremophiles. 2006; 10: 171–179.
  • Akbari A., Ghoshal S. Pilot-scale bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated clayey soil from a sub-Arctic site. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2014; 280: 595–602.
  • Alisi C., Musella R., Tasso F., Ubaldi C., Manzo S., Cremisini C., Sprocati A.R. Bioremediation of diesel oil in a co-contaminated soil by bioaugmentation with a microbial formula tailored with native strains selected for heavy metals resistance. Science of the Total Environment. 2009; 407: 3024–3032.
  • Al-Saleh E.S., Obuekwe C. Inhibition of hydrocarbon bioremediation by lead in a crude-oil contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2005; 56: 1–7.
  • Arora M., Snape I., Stevens G.W. Toluene sorption by granular activated carbon and its use in cold regions permeable reactive barrier: fixed bed studies. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2011; 69: 59–63.
  • Atlas R.M. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective. Microbiological Reviews. 1981; 45: 180–209.
  • Atlas R.M. Microbial hydrocarbon degradation–bioremediation of oil spills. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 1991; 52: 149–156.
  • Balks M.R., Paetzold R.F., Kimble J.M., Aislabie J., Campbell I.B. Effects of hydrocarbon spills on the temperature and moisture regimes of cryosols in the Ross Sea region. Antarctic Science. 2002; 14: 319–326.
  • Baraud F., Fourcade M.C., Tellier S., Astruc M. Modelling of decontamination rate in an electrokinetic soil processing. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 1997; 68: 105–121.
  • Baraud F., Tellier S., Astruc M. Ion velocity in soil solution during electrokinetic remediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1997; 56: 315–332.
  • Batterman S., Kulshrestha A., Cheng H. Hydrocarbon vapour transport in low moisture soils. Environmental Science and Technology. 1995; 29: 171–180.
  • Bayer M.E., Sloyer J.L. Jr. The electrophoretic mobility of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria: an electrokinetic analysis. Journal of General Microbiology. 1990; 136: 867–874.
  • Bej A.K., Aislabie J., Atlas R.M. Polar microbiology: the ecology, biodiversity and bioremediation potential of microorganisms in extremely cold environments. 2010; Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Bell T.H., Callender K.L., Whyte L.G., Greer C.W. Microbial competition in polar soils: a review of an understudied but potentially important control on productivity. Biology. 2013; 2: 533–554.
  • Bolton M. Comparing two remediation alternatives for diesel-contaminated soil in the Arctic using life cycle assessment. 2012; Ontario: Queens University. Master's thesis.
  • Børresen M., Breedveld G.D., Rike A.G. Assessment of the biodegradation potential of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil from a permafrost site. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2003; 37: 137–149.
  • Børresen M.H., Barnes D.L., Rike A.G. Repeated freeze–thaw cycles and their effects on mineralization of hexadecane and phenanthrene in cold climate soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2007; 49: 215–225.
  • Brakstad O.G. Margesin R. Natural and stimulated biodegradation of petroleum in permafrost affected regions. Psychrophiles, from biodiversity to biotechnology. 2008; Berlin: Springer. 389–407.
  • Bramley-Alves J., Wasley J., King C.K., Powell S., Robinson S.A. Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants in Subantarctic soils: an effective management option. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 142: 60–69.
  • Camenzuli D., Freidman B.L., Statham T.M., Mumford K.A., Gore D.B. site and in situ remediation technologies applicable to metal-contaminated sites in Antarctica and the Arctic: a review. Polar Research. 2013; 33: 21522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v33.21522.
  • Cang L., Wang Q., Zhou D., Xu H. Effects of electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation of a multiple-metal contaminated soil on metal bioavailability and uptake by Indian mustard. Separation and Purification Technology. 2011; 79: 246–253.
  • Chang W., Dyen M., Spagnuolo L., Simon P., Whyte L., Ghoshal S. Biodegradation of semi- and non-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in aged, contaminated soils from a sub-Arctic site: laboratory pilot-scale experiments at site temperatures. Chemosphere. 2010; 80: 319–326.
  • Chang W., Ghoshal S. Respiratory quotients as a useful indicator of the enhancement of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in field-aged contaminated soils in cold climates. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2014; 106–107: 110–119.
  • Chatham J. Landfarming on the Alaskan north slope—historical development and recent applications. 2003. Paper presented at the 10th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference. 11–14 November, Houston, TX.
  • Chuvilin E.M., Naletova N.S., Miklyaeva E.C., Kozlova E.V., Instanes A. Factors affecting spreadability and transportation of oil in regions of frozen ground. Polar Record. 2001; 37: 229–238.
  • Curtosi A., Pelletier E., Vodopivez C.L., Mac Cormack W.P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and surface marine sediment near Jubany Station (Antarctica). Role of permafrost as a low-permeability barrier. Science of the Total Environment. 2007; 383: 193–204.
  • Das N., Chandran P. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants: an overview. Biotechnology Research International 2011. 2011; 941810. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/941810.
  • Delille D. Response of Antarctic soil bacterial assemblages to contamination by diesel fuel and crude oil. Microbial Ecology. 2000; 40: 159–168.
  • Delille D., Duval A., Pelletier E. Highly efficient pilot biopiles for on-site fertilization treatment of diesel oil-contaminated sub-Antarctic soil. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2008; 54: 7–18.
  • Delille D., Pelletier E., Delille B., Coulon F. Effect of nutrient enrichments on the bacterial assemblage of Antarctic soils contaminated by diesel or crude oil. Polar Record. 2003; 39: 1–10.
  • Deprez P.P., Arens M., Locher H. Identification and assessment of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Polar Record. 1999; 35: 299–316.
  • Dias R.L., Ruberto L., Hernandez E., Vazquez S.C., Balbo A.L., Del Panno M.T., Mac Cormack W.P. Bioremediation of an aged diesel oil-contaminated Antarctic soil: evaluation of the “on site” biostimulation strategy using different nutrient sources. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2012; 75: 96–103.
  • Dong Z.Y., Huang W.H., Xing D.F., Zhang H.F. Remediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals by the integration of electrokinetics and biostimulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013; 260: 399–408.
  • Environment Canada. Federal contaminated sites action plan. Federal guidelines for landfarming petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils. 2013; Gatineau, QC: Environment Canada.
  • Fan X., Wang H., Luo Q., Ma J., Zhang X. The use of 2D non-uniform electric field to enhance in situ bioremediation of 2,4-dichlorophenol-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007; 148: 29–37.
  • Ferguson S.H., Franzmann P.D., Revill A.T., Snape I., Rayner J.L. The effects of nitrogen and water on mineralisation of hydrocarbons in diesel-contaminated terrestrial Antarctic soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2003; 37: 197–212.
  • Ferrera-Rodríguez O., Greer C.W., Juck D., Consaul L.L., Martinez-Romero E., Whyte L.G. Hydrocarbon-degrading potential of microbial communities from Arctic plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2013; 114: 71–83.
  • Filler D.M., Lindstrom J.E., Braddock J.F., Johnson R.A., Nickalaski R. Integral biopile components for successful bioremediation in the Arctic. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2001; 32: 143–156.
  • Filler D.M., Reynolds C.M., Snape I., Daugulis A.J., Barnes D.L., Williams P.J. Advances in engineered remediation for use in the Arctic and Antarctic. Polar Record. 2006; 42: 111–120.
  • Filler D.M., Snape I., Barnes D.L. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold regions. 2008; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Filler D.M., Van Stempvoort D.R., Leigh M.B. Margesin R. Remediation of frozen ground contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons: feasibility and limits. Permafrost soils. 2009; Berlin: Springer. 279–301.
  • Fritt-Rasmussen J., Jensen P.E., Christensen R.H.B., Dahllof I. Hydrocarbon and toxic metal contamination from tank installations in a northwest Greenlandic village. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 2012; 223: 4407–4416.
  • Fryirs K.A., Hafsteinsdottir E.G., Stark S.C., Gore D.B. Metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contamination at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science. 2014; 27: 118–133.
  • Fryirs K.A., Snape I., Babicka N. The type and spatial distribution of past waste at the abandoned Wilkes Station, East Antarctica. Polar Record. 2013; 49: 328–347.
  • Germaine K.J., Byrne J., Liu X., Culhane J., Keohane J., Lally R., Kiwanuka S., Ryan D., Dowling D. Ecopiling: a combined phytoremediation and passive biopiling system for remediating hydrocarbon impacted soils at field scale. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2014; 5: 756–764.
  • Gibert O., Lefevre B., Fernandez M., Bernat X., Paraira M., Calderer M., Martinez-Llado X. Characterising biofilm development on granular activated carbon for drinking water production. Water Research. 2013; 47: 1101–1110.
  • Gore D.B. Margesin R. Application of reactive barriers operated in frozen ground. Permafrost soils. 2009; Berlin: Springer. 303–319.
  • Gore D.B., Heiden E.S., Snape I., Nash G., Stevens G.W. Grain size of activated carbon, and untreated and modified granular clinoptilolite under freeze–thaw: applications to permeable reactive barriers. Polar Record. 2006; 42: 121–126.
  • Gore D.B., Revill A.T., Guille D. Petroleum hydrocarbons ten years after spillage at a helipad in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science. 1999; 11: 427–429.
  • Gore D.B., Snape I. Freeze–thaw cycling, moisture and leaching from a controlled release nutrient source. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2008; 52: 401–407.
  • Gratuito M.K.B., Panyathanmaporn T., Chumnanklang R.A., Sirinuntawittaya N., Dutta A. Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology. 2008; 99: 4887–4895.
  • Grechishchev S.E., Instanes A., Sheshin J.B., Pavlov A.V., Grechishcheva O.V. Laboratory investigation of the freezing point of oil-polluted soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2001; 32: 183–189.
  • Greer C.W., Whyte L.G., Niederberger T.D. Timmis K.N. Microbial communities in hydrocarbon contaminated temperate, tropical, alpine, and polar soils. Handbook of hydrocarbon and lipid microbiology. 2010; Berlin: Springer. 2313–2328.
  • Gupta V.K., Saleh T.A. Sorption of pollutants by porous carbon, carbon nanotubes and fullerene—an overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 2013; 20: 2828–2843.
  • Hansen H.K., Lamas V., Gutierrez C., Nunez P., Rojo A., Cameselle C., Ottosen L.M. Electro-remediation of copper mine tailings. Comparing copper removal efficiencies for two tailings of different age. Minerals Engineering. 2013; 41: 1–8.
  • Harms H., Wick L.Y. Dispersing pollutant-degrading bacteria in contaminated soil without touching it. Engineering in Life Sciences. 2006; 6: 252–260.
  • Horel A., Schiewer S. Investigation of the physical and chemical parameters affecting biodegradation of diesel and synthetic diesel fuel contaminating Alaskan soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2009; 58: 113–119.
  • Hornig G., Northcott K., Snape I., Stevens G. Assessment of sorbent materials for treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated ground water in cold regions. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2008; 53: 83–91.
  • Hosney M.S., Rowe R.K. Performance of GCL after 10 years in service in the Arctic. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2014; 140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001160 article no. 04014056.
  • Huang D., Xu Q., Cheng J., Lu X., Zhang H. Electrokinetic remediation and its combined technologies for removal of organic pollutants from contaminated soils. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2012; 7: 4528–4544.
  • Jackman S.A., Maini G., Sharman A.K., Sunderland G., Knowles C.J. Electrokinetic movement and biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in silt soil. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2001; 74: 40–48.
  • Jørgensen K.S., Puustinen J., Suortti A.M. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by composting in biopiles. Environmental Pollution. 2000; 107: 245–254.
  • Kalinovich I., Rutter A., Poland J.S., Cairns G., Rowe R.K. Remediation of PCB contaminated soils in the Canadian Arctic: excavation and surface PRB technology. Science of the Total Environment. 2008; 407: 53–66.
  • Kalinovich I.K., Rutter A., Rowe R.K., Poland J.S. Design and application of surface PRBs for PCB remediation in the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Environmental Management. 2012; 101: 124–133.
  • Kauppi S., Sinkkonen A., Romantschuk M. Enhancing bioremediation of diesel-fuel-contaminated soil in a boreal climate: comparison of biostimulation and bioaugmentation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2011; 65: 359–368.
  • Kellems B.L., Hinchee R.E. Hinchee R.E. Review of bioremediation experience in Alaska. Hydrocarbon bioremediation. 1994; Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 483–443.
  • Kennicutt M.C. II, Sweet S.T. Hydrocarbon contamination of the Antarctic peninsula: III. The Bahia Paraiso—two years after the spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 1992; 25: 303–306.
  • Khan F.I., Husain T., Hejazi R. An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies. Journal of Environmental Management. 2004; 71: 95–122.
  • Kim S.O., Moon S.H., Kim K.W., Yun S.T. Pilot scale study on the ex situ electrokinetic removal of heavy metals from municipal wastewater sludges. Water Research. 2002; 19: 4765–4774.
  • Kim W.S., Kim S.O., Kim K.W. Enhanced electrokinetic extraction of heavy metals from soils assisted by ion exchange membranes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2005; 118: 93–102.
  • King M.M., Kinner N.E., Deming D.P., Simonton J.A., Belden L.M. Bioventing of no. 2 fuel oil: effects of air flowrate, temperature, nutrient amendment, and acclimation. Remediation Journal. 2014; 24: 47–60.
  • Klein A.G., Sweet S.T., Wade T.L., Sericano J.L., Kennicutt M.C. II. Spatial patterns of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the terrestrial environment at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Antarctic Science. 2012; 24: 450–466.
  • Kubota M., Nakabayashi T., Matsumoto Y., Shiomi T., Yamada Y., Ino K., Yamanokuchi H., Matsui M., Tsunoda T., Mizukami F., Sakaguchi K. Selective adsorption of bacterial cells onto zeolites. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2008; 64: 88–97.
  • Leahy J.G., Colwell R.R. Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbiological Reviews. 1990; 54: 305–315.
  • Leewis M., Reynolds C.M., Leigh M.B. Long-term effects of nutrient addition and phytoremediation on diesel and crude oil contaminated soils in Subarctic Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2013; 96: 129–137.
  • Li L., Benson C.H. Evaluation of five strategies to limit the impact of fouling in permeable reactive barriers. Journal of Hazardous materials. 2010; 181: 170–180.
  • Lima A.T., Kleingeld P.J., Heister K., Gustav Loch J.P. Removal of PAHs from contaminated clayey soil by means of electro-osmosis. Separation and Purification Technology. 2011; 79: 221–229.
  • Lin Q., Mendelssohn I.A. Potential of restoration and phytoremediation with Juncus roemerianus for diesel-contaminated coastal wetlands. Ecological Engineering. 2009; 35: 85–91.
  • Loop C.M., White W.B. A conceptual model for DNAPL transport in karst ground water basins. Groundwater. 2001; 39: 119–127.
  • Luo Q., Wang H., Zhang X., Fan X., Qian Y. In situ bioelectrokinetic remediation of phenol-contaminated soil by use of an electrode matrix and a rotational operation mode. Chemosphere. 2006; 64: 415–422.
  • Madueño L., Coppotelli B.M., Alvarez H.M., Morelli I.S. Isolation and characterization of indigenous soil bacteria for bioaugmentation of PAH contaminated soil of semiarid Patagonia, Argentina. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2011; 65: 345–351.
  • Maini G., Sharman A.K., Knowles C.J., Sunderland G., Jackman S.A. Electrokinetic remediation of metals and organics from historically contaminated soil. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 2000; 75: 657–664.
  • Mair J., Schinner F., Margesin R. A feasibility study on the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil from an alpine former military site: effects of temperature and biostimulation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2013; 96: 122–128.
  • Manzetti S. Remediation technologies for oil-drilling activities in the Arctic: oil-spill containment and remediation in open water. Environmental Technology Reviews. 2014; 3: 49–60.
  • Margesin R., Schinner F. Bioremediation (natural attenuation and biostimulation) of diesel-oil-contaminated soil in an alpine glacier skiing area. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 67: 3127–3133.
  • Martin T.A., Ruby M.V. Review of in situ remediation technologies for lead, zinc, and cadmium in soil. Remediation. 2004; 14: 35–53.
  • McCarthy K., Walker L., Vigoren L., Bartel J. Remediation of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons by in situ landfarming at an Arctic site. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2004; 40: 31–39.
  • McWatters R., Wilkins D., Spedding T., Hince G., Snape I., Rowe R.K., Jones D., Bouazza A., Gates W.P. Geosynthetics in barriers for hydrocarbon remediation in Antarctica. 2014. Paper presented at the 10th international conference on geosynthetics—10ICG. 21–25 September, Berlin..
  • Michaud L., Giudice A.L., Saitta M., Domenico M.D., Bruni V. The biodegradation efficiency on diesel oil by two psychrotrophic Antarctic marine bacteria during a two-month-long experiment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 49: 405–409.
  • Misaelides P. Application of natural zeolites in environmental remediation: a short review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2011; 144: 15–18.
  • Mohn W.W., Radziminski C.Z., Fortin M.C., Reimer K.J. On site bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated Arctic tundra soils in inoculated biopiles. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001; 57: 242–247.
  • Mumford K.A., Rayner J.L., Snape I., Stark S.C., Stevens G.W., Gore D.B. Design, installation and preliminary testing of a permeable reactive barrier for diesel fuel remediation at Casey Station, Antarctica. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2013; 96: 96–107.
  • Mumford K.A., Rayner J.L., Snape I., Stevens G.W. Hydraulic performance of a permeable reactive barrier at Casey Station, Antarctica. Chemosphere. 2014; 117: 223–231.
  • Northcott K.A., Bacus J., Taya N., Komatsu Y., Perera J.M., Stevens G.W. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophobic zeolite for the treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated ground water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 183: 434–440.
  • Okere U.V., Cabrerizo A., Dachs J., Jones K.C., Semple K.T. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by indigenous microorganisms in soils from Livingstone Island, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2012; 329: 69–77.
  • Paudyn K., Rutter A., Rowe K.R., Poland J.S. Remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in the Canadian Arctic by landfarming. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2008; 53: 102–114.
  • Perelo L.W. Review: in situ and bioremediation of organic pollutants in aquatic sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 177: 81–89.
  • Phillips L.A., Greer C.W., Farrell R.E., Germida J.J. Field-scale assessment of weathered hydrocarbon degradation by mixed and single plant treatments. Applied Soil Ecology. 2009; 42: 9–17.
  • Poland J.S., Riddle M.J., Zeeb B.A. Contaminants in the Arctic and the Antarctic: a comparison of sources, impacts, and remediation options. Polar Record. 2003; 39: 369–383.
  • Pollard S.J.T., Hough R.L., Kim K.H., Bellarby J., Paton G., Semple K.T., Coulon F. Fugacity modelling to predict the distribution of organic contaminants in the soil: oil matrix of constructed biopiles. Chemosphere. 2008; 71: 1432–1439.
  • Pouliot Y., Pokiak C., Moreau N., Thomassin-Lacroix E., Faucher C. Soil remediation of a former tank farm site in western Arctic Canada. 2001; Edmonton, AB: Environmental Services Association of Alberta.
  • Powell S.M., Ferguson S.H., Snape I., Siciliano S.D. Fertilization stimulates anaerobic fuel degradation of Antarctic soils by denitrifying microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology. 2006; 40: 2011–2017.
  • Powell S.M., Harvey P.M., Stark J.S., Snape I., Riddle M.J. Biodegradation of petroleum products in experimental plots in Antarctic marine sediments is location dependent. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2007; 54: 434–440.
  • Pucci G.N., Acuña A.J., Wick L.Y., Pucci O.H. Electrobioremediation of Patagonian soils contaminated with hydrocarbons. Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta. 2012; 30: 361–370.
  • Rayner J.L., Snape I., Walworth J.L., Harvey P.M., Ferguson S.H. Petroleum–hydrocarbon contamination and remediation by microbioventing at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2007; 48: 139–153.
  • Rayu S., Karpouzas D.G., Singh B.K. Emerging technologies in bioremediation: constraints and opportunities. Biodegradation. 2012; 23: 917–926.
  • Reimer K.J., Colden M., Francis P., Mauchan J., Mohn W.W., Poland J.S . 2003. Cold climate bioremediation—a comparison of various approaches. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 3rd Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates Conference. 4–6 May, Edmonton, AB..
  • Revill A.T., Snape I., Lucieer A., Guille D. Constraints on transport and weathering of petroleum contamination at Casey Station, Antarctica. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2007; 48: 154–167.
  • Reynolds C.M. Cold regions research field demonstration of rhizosphere-enhanced treatment of organics-contaminated soils on native American lands with application to Northern FUD sites. 2004; Washington, DC: U.S Army Corps of Engineers. U.S Army Corps of Engineers Report ERDC/CRREL LR-04-19.
  • Reynolds C.M., Braley A.W., Travis M.D., Perry L.B., Iskandar I.K. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and groundwater in northern climates. 1998; Hanover, NH: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory. United States Army Corps of Engineers special report 98-5.
  • Reynolds C.M., Koenen B.A. Rhizosphere-enhanced bioremediation. Military Engineer. 1997; 586: 32–33.
  • Reynolds C.M., Travis M., Braley W.A., Scholze R.J. Hinchee R. Applying field expedient bioreactors and landfarming in cold climates. Hydrocarbon bioremediation. 1994; Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 100–106.
  • Richardson E.L., King C.K., Powell S.M. The use of microbial gene abundance in the development of fuel remediation guidelines in polar soils. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 2014; 11: 235–241.
  • Rike A.G., Borreson M., Instanes A. Response of cold adapted microbial populations in a permafrost profile to hydrocarbon contaminants. Polar Record. 2001; 37: 239–248.
  • Rike A.G., Haugen K.B., Borreson M., Engene B., Kolstad P. In situ biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in frozen Arctic soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2003; 37: 97–120.
  • Ruberto L., Vazquez S.C., Mac Cormack W.P. Effectiveness of the natural bacterial flora, biostimulation and bioaugmentation on the bioremediation of a hydrocarbon contaminated Antarctic soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2003; 52: 115–125.
  • Samson R., Greer C.W., Hawkes T., Desrochers R., Nelson C.H., St-Cyr M. Hinchee R.E. Monitoring an aboveground bioreactor at a petroleum refinery site using radiorespirometry and gene probes: effects of winter conditions and clayey soil. Hydrocarbon bioremediation. 1994; Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 329–333.
  • Sanscartier D., Reimer K., Zeeb B., Koch I. The effect of temperature and aeration rate on bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil in solid-phase bench-scale bioreactors. Soil and Sediment Contamination: an International Journal. 2011; 20: 353–369.
  • Sanscartier D., Zeeb B., Koch I., Reimer K.J. Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil by heated and humidified biopile system in cold climates. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2009; 55: 167–173.
  • Saul D.J., Aislabie J.M., Brown C.E., Harris L., Foght J.M. Hydrocarbon contamination changes the bacterial diversity of soil from around Scott Base, Antarctica. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2005; 53: 141–155.
  • SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctica Research). Protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Polar Record. 1993; 29: 256–275.
  • Schafer A.N., Snape I., Siciliano S.D. Soil biogeochemical toxicity end points for sub-Antarctic islands contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2007; 26: 890–897.
  • Seki K., Thullner M., Hanada J., Miyazaki T. Moderate bioclogging leading to preferential flow paths in biobarriers. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation. 2006; 26: 68–76.
  • Shapiro A.P., Probstein R.F. Removal of contaminants from saturated clay by electroosmosis. Environmental Science and Technology. 1993; 27: 283–291.
  • Siciliano S.D., Germida J.J., Banks K., Greer C.W. Changes in microbial community composition and function during a polyaromatic hydrocarbon phytoremediation field trial. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69: 483–489.
  • Siciliano S.D., Schafer A.N., Forgeron M.A.M., Snape I. Hydrocarbon contamination increases the liquid water content of frozen Antarctic soils. Environmental Science and Technology. 2008; 42: 8324–8329.
  • Singh A., Turner A. Surfactant-induced mobilisation of trace metals from estuarine sediment: implications for contaminant bioaccessibility and remediation. Environmental Pollution. 2009; 157: 646–653.
  • Snape I., Ferguson S.H., Harvey P.M., Riddle M.J. Investigation of evaporation and biodegradation of fuel spills in Antarctica: II—extent of natural attenuation at Casey Station. Chemosphere. 2006; 63: 89–98.
  • Snape I., Harvey P.M., Ferguson S.H., Rayner J.L., Revill A.T. Investigation of evaporation and biodegradation of fuel spills in Antarctica I. A chemical approach using GC-FID. Chemosphere. 2005; 61: 1485–1494.
  • Snape I., Morris C.E., Cole C.M. The use of permeable reactive barriers to control contaminant dispersal during site remediation in Antarctica. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2001; 32: 157–174.
  • Stallwood B., Shears J., Williams P.A., Hughes K.A. Low temperature bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil using biostimulation and bioaugmentation with a Pseudomonas sp. from maritime Antarctica. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2005; 99: 794–802.
  • Stark J.S., Snape I., Riddle M.J. Abandoned Antarctic waste disposal sites: monitoring remediation outcomes and limitations at Casey Station. Ecological Management & Restoration. 2006; 7: 21–31.
  • Stark S.C., Gardner D., Snape I. Assessment of contamination by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons at Atlas Cove Station, Heard Island. Polar Record. 2003; 39: 397–414.
  • Straube W.L., Nestler C.C., Hanson L.D., Ringleberg D., Prichards P.H., Jones-Meehan J. Remediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through landfarming with biostimulation and bioaugmentation. Acta Biotechnologica. 2003; 23: 179–196.
  • Suni S., Romantschuk M. Mobilisation of bacteria in soils by electro-osmosis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2004; 49: 51–57.
  • Sutton N.B., Maphosa F., Morillo J.A., Al-Soud W.A., Langenhoff A.A.M., Grotenhuis T., Rijnaarts H.H.M., Smidt H. Impact of long-term diesel contamination on soil microbial community structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2013; 79: 619–630.
  • Thomassin-Lacroix E.J.M., Eriksson M., Reimer K.J., Mohn W.W. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation for on-site treatment of weathered diesel fuel in Arctic soil. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 59: 551–556.
  • Thompson B.A.W., Davies N.W., Goldsworthy P.M., Riddle M.J., Snape I., Stark J.S. In situ lubricant degradation in Antarctic marine sediments. 1. Short-term changes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2006; 25: 356–366.
  • Tomei M.C., Daugulis A.J. Ex situ bioremediation of contaminated soils: an overview of conventional and innovative technologies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2013; 43: 2107–2139.
  • Torabian A., Kazemian H., Seifi L., Bidhendi G.N., Azimi A.A., Ghadiri S.K. Removal of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons by surfactant-modified natural zeolite: the effect of surfactant. Clean. 2010; 38: 77–83.
  • Tyagi M., da Fonseca M.M.R., de Carvalho C.C.C.R. Bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies to improve the effectiveness of bioremediation processes. Biodegradation. 2011; 22: 231–241.
  • US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). In situ treatment technologies for contaminated soil. Engineering Forum Issue Paper EPA 542/F-06/013. 2006. Accessed on the internet at http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P1000STG.pdf on 14 December 2013..
  • Van Dorst J., Siciliano S.D., Winsley T., Snape I., Ferrari B.C. Bacterial targets as potential indicators of diesel fuel toxicity in sub-Antarctic soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014; 80: 4021–4033.
  • Van Loon G.W., Duffy S.J. Environmental chemistry—a global perspective. 2000; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vázquez S., Nogales B., Ruberto L., Mestre C., Christie-Oleza J., Ferrero M., Bosch R., Mac Cormack W.P. Characterization of bacterial consortia from diesel-contaminated Antarctic soils: towards the design of tailored formulas for bioaugmentation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2013; 77: 22–30.
  • Vignola R., Bagatin R., D'Aurisb A.F., Flegoc C., Nalli M., Ghisletti D., Millini R., Sisto R. Zeolites in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB): one year of field experience in a refinery groundwater. Part 1: the performances. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011; 178: 204–209.
  • Vignola R., Bagatin R., D'Aurisb A.F., Massara E.P., Ghisletti D., Millini R., Sisto R. Zeolites in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB): one year of field experience in a refinery groundwater. Part 2: zeolite characterization. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011; 178: 210–216.
  • Virkutyte J., Sillanpää M., Latostenmaa P. Electrokinetic soil remediation—critical overview. Science of the Total Environment. 2002; 289: 97–121.
  • Walworth J., Harvey P., Snape I. Low temperature soil petroleum hydrocarbon degradation at various oxygen levels. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2013; 96: 117–121.
  • Walworth J., Pond A., Snape I., Rayner J., Ferguson S., Harvey P. Fine tuning soil nitrogen to maximise petroleum bioremediation. 2006. Paper presented at the 2005 Conference on Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates. 8–10 May, Edmonton, AB..
  • Walworth J., Pond A., Snape I., Rayner J., Ferguson S., Harvey P. Nitrogen requirements for maximizing petroleum bioremediation in a sub-Antarctic soil. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2007; 48: 84–91.
  • Wang J.Y., Huang X.J., Kao J.C.M., Stabnikova O. Simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and heavy metals from Kaolin using an upward electrokinetic soil remediation process. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007; 144: 292–299.
  • Webster J., Webster K., Nelson P., Waterhouse E. The behaviour of residual contaminants at a former station site, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 123: 163–179.
  • White D.A., Hafsteinsdóttir E.G., Gore D.B., Thorogood G., Stark S.C. Formation and stability of Pb-, Zn- & Cu-PO4 phases at low temperatures: implications for heavy metal fixation in polar environments. Environmental Pollution. 2012; 161: 143–153.
  • Woolfenden E.N.M., Hince G., Powell S.M., Stark S.C., Snape I., Stark J.S., George S.C. The rate of removal and the compositional changes of diesel in Antarctic marine sediment. Science of the Total Environment. 2011; 410–411: 205–216.
  • Xin B., Wu C., Wu C., Lin C. Bioaugmented remediation of high concentration BTEX-contaminated groundwater by permeable reactive barrier with immobilized bead. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013; 244–245: 765–772.
  • Xu Y., Sun G.D., Jin J.H., Liu Y., Luo M., Zhong Z.P., Liu Z.P. Successful bioremediation of an aged and heavily contaminated soil using a microbial/plant combination strategy. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2014; 264: 430–438.
  • Yang S.Z., Jin H.J., Wei Z., He R.X., Ji Y.J., Li X.M., Yu S.P. Bioremediation of oil spills in cold environments: a review. Pedosphere. 2009; 19: 371–381.
  • Yeh C., Lin C., Wu C. A permeable reactive barrier for the bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater: microbial community distribution and removal efficiencies. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 178: 74–80.
  • Yergeau E., Lawrence J.R., Sanschagrin S., Waiser M.J., Korber D.R., Greer C.W. Next-generation sequencing of microbial communities in the Athabasca River and its tributaries in relation to oil sands mining activities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012; 78: 7626–7637.
  • Yeung C.W., Van Stempvoort D.R., Spoelstra J., Bickerton G., Voralek J., Greer C.W. Bacterial community evidence for anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold climate groundwater. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2013; 86: 55–68.