Mapping lichen distribution on the Antarctic Peninsula using remote sensing, lichen spectra and photographic documentation by citizen scientists

References

• Adams B.J., Bardgett R.D., Ayres E., Wall D.H., Aislabie J., Bamforth S., Bargagli R., Cary C., Cavacini P., Connell L., Convey P., Fell J.W., Frati F., Hogg I.D., Newsham K.K., O'Donnell A., Russell N., Seppelt R.D., Stevens M.I. Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2006; 38: 3003–3018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtel R., Rivard B., Sanchez-Azofeifa A. Spectral properties of foliose and crustose lichens based on laboratory experiments. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2002; 82: 389–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedini E. Mineral mapping in the Kap Simpson complex, central East Greenland, using HyMap and ASTER remote sensing data. Advances in Space Research. 2011; 47: 60–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black M., Casanovas P., Fretwell P., Convey P. High resolution mapping of Antarctic vegetation communities using airborne hyperspectral data. 2014; UK: Aberystwyth. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.5189.6648 Paper presented at the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Annual Conference. 2–5 September 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Casanovas P., Lynch H.J., Fagan W.F. Multi-scale patterns of moss and lichen richness on the Antarctic Peninsula. Ecography. 2013; 36: 209–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanovas P., Lynch H.J., Fagan W.F. Using citizen science to estimate lichen diversity. Biological Conservation. 2014; 171: 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanovas P., Lynch H.J., Fagan W.F., Naveen R. Understanding lichen diversity on the Antarctic Peninsula using parataxonomic units as a surrogate for species richness. Ecology. 2013; 94: 2110–2110.
   Google Scholar
• Chown S.L., Convey P. Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007; 362: 2307–2331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke A., Murphy E.J., Meredith M.P., King J.C., Peck L.S., Barnes D.K.A., Smith R.C. Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007; 362: 149–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convey P. Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity in a changing world. Polar Biology. 2011; 34: 1629–1641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convey P. Levin S. Antarctic ecosystems. Encyclopedia of biodiversity. 2013; San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 179–188. 2nd edn.
   Google Scholar
• Cook A.J., Fox A.J., Vaughan D.G., Ferrigno J.G. Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century. Science. 2005; 308: 541–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier J. Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the Landsat thematic mapper. Remote Sensing of Environment. 1989; 28: 9–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favero-Longo S.E., Cannone N., Roger Worland M., Convey P., Piervittori R., Guglielmin M. Changes in lichen diversity and community structure with fur seal population increase on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Antarctic Science. 2011; 23: 65–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favero-Longo S.E., Worland M.R., Convey P., Smith R.I.L., Piervittori R., Guglielmin M., Cannone N. Primary succession of lichen and bryophyte communities following glacial recession on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, maritime Antarctic. Antarctic Science. 2012; 24: 323–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fretwell P.T., Convey P., Fleming A.H., Peat H.J., Hughes K.A. Detecting and mapping vegetation distribution on the Antarctic Peninsula from remote sensing data. Polar Biology. 2011; 34: 273–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates D.M. Biophysical ecology. 2003; New York: Courier Dover Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Grebby S., Naden J., Cunningham D., Tansey K. Integrating airborne multispectral imagery and airborne LiDAR data for enhanced lithological mapping in vegetated terrain. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2011; 115: 214–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris J.R., Rogge D., Hitchcock R., Ijewliw O., Wright D. Mapping lithology in Canada's Arctic: application of hyperspectral data using the minimum noise fraction transformation and matched filtering. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2005; 42: 2173–2193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harsanyi J.C., Chang C.-I. Hyperspectral image classification and dimensionality reduction: an orthogonal subspace projection approach. Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994; 32: 779–785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselwimmer C., Fretwell P. Field reflectance spectroscopy of sparse vegetation cover on the Antarctic Peninsula. First Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing. 2009; Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1–4. Whispers '09.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes K.A., Pertierra L.R., Molina-Montenegro M.A., Convey P. Biological invasions in Antarctica: what is the current status and can we respond?. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2015; 24: 1031–1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen B., Karlsen S.R. Monitoring vegetation changes on Finnmarksvidda, northern Norway, using Landsat MSS and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images. Phytocoenologia. 2005; 35: 969–984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein A.G., Hall D.K., Riggs G.A. Improving snow cover mapping in forests through the use of a canopy reflectance model. Hydrological Processes. 1998; 12: 1723–1744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krell F.-T. Parataxonomy vs. taxonomy in biodiversity studies—pitfalls and applicability of “morphospecies” sorting. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2004; 13: 795–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidler G.J., Treitz P.M., Atkinson D.M. Remote sensing of Arctic vegetation: relations between the NDVI, spatial resolution and vegetation cover on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut. Arctic. 2008; 61: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liggett D., McIntosh A., Thompson A., Gilbert N., Storey B. From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? Five decades of Antarctic tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future. Tourism Management. 2011; 32: 357–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundt J., David T., Streutker R., Glenn N.F. Partial unmixing of hyperspectral imagery: theory and methods. Proceedings of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2007. 2007; Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
   Google Scholar
• Øvstedal D.O., Smith R.I.L. Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: a guide to their identification and ecology. 2001; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Øvstedal D.O., Smith R.I.L. Further additions to the lichen flora of Antarctica and South Georgia. Nova Hedwigia. 2009; 88: 157–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petzold D.E., Goward S.N. Reflectance spectra of Subarctic lichens. Remote Sensing of Environment. 1988; 24: 481–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse J.W. Jr., Haas R.H., Schell J.A., Deering D.W., Harlan J.C. Monitoring the vernal advancements and retrogradation of natural vegetation. Final report. 1974; MD: National Aeronautics and Space Agency. Greenbelt.
   Google Scholar
• Rowan L.C., Mars J.C. Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2003; 84: 350–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancho L.G., Pintado A. Evidence of high annual growth rate for lichens in the maritime Antarctic. Polar Biology. 2004; 27: 312–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw J.D., Terauds A., Riddle M.J., Possingham H.P., Chown S.L. Antarctica's protected areas are inadequate, unrepresentative, and at risk. PLoS Biology. 2014; 12: 1001888. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001888.
   Google Scholar
• Smith R.I.L. Laws R.M. Terrestrial plant biology of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. Antarctic ecology. 1984; London: Academic Press. 61–162.
   Google Scholar
• Stow D.A., Hope A., McGuire D., Verbyla D., Gamon J., Huemmrich F., Houston S., Racine C., Sturm M., Tape K., Hinzman L., Yoshikawa K., Tweedie C., Noyle C.B., Silapaswan C., Douglas D., Griffith B., Jia G., Epstein H., Walker D., Daeschner S., Petersen A., Zhou L.M., Myneni R. Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic tundra ecosystems. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2004; 8: 281–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejedo P., Justel A., Benayas J., Rico E., Convey P., Quesada A. Soil trampling in an Antarctic specially protected area: tools to assess levels of human impact. Antarctic Science. 2009; 21: 229–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejedo P., Pertierra L., Benayas J., Convey P., Justel A., Quesada A. Trampling on maritime Antarctica. Can soil ecosystems be effectively protected through existing codes of conduct?. Polar Research. 2012; 31 article no. 10888, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.10888.
   Google Scholar
• Terauds A., Chown S.L., Morgan F., Peat H.J., Watts D.J., Keys H., Convey P., Bergstrom D.M. Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions. 2012; 18: 726–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tin T., Fleming Z.L., Hughes K.A., Ainley D.G., Convey P., Moreno C.A., Pfeiffer S., Scott J., Snape I. Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment. Antarctic Science. 2009; 21: 3–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tommervik H., Bjerke J.W., Gaare E., Johansen B., Thannheiser D. Rapid recovery of recently overexploited winter grazing pastures for reindeer in northern Norway. Fungal Ecology. 2012; 5: 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira G., Mora C., Pina P., Schaefer C.E. A proxy for snow cover and winter ground surface cooling: mapping Usnea sp. communities using high resolution remote sensing imagery (maritime Antarctica). Geomorphology. 2014; 225: 69–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall D.H., Lyons W.B., Convey P., Howard-Williams C., Quesada A., Vincent W.F. Long-term ecosystem networks to record change: an international imperative. Antarctic Science. 2011; 23: 209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waser L.T., Stofer S., Schwartz M., Küchler M., Ivits E., Scheidegger C. Prediction of biodiversity—regression of lichen species richness on remote sensing data. Community Ecology. 2004; 5: 121–133.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J., Rivard B., Sánchez-Azofeifa A. Spectral unmixing of normalized reflectance data for the deconvolution of lichen and rock mixtures. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2005; 95: 57–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar