Local variability in growth and reproduction of Salix arctica in the High Arctic

References

• Aiken S.G., Dallwitz M.J., Consaul L.L., McJannet C.L., Gillespie L.J., Boles R.L., Argus G.W., Gillett J.M., Scott P.J., Elven R., LeBlanc M.C., Brysting A.K., Solstad H. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. 2007; Ottawa: NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada. Accessed on the internet at nature.ca/aaflora/data/index.htm in October 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bay C. Vegetation mapping of Zackenberg valley, northeast Greenland. 1998; Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center and Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Bêty J., Graham-Sauve M., Legagneux P., Cadieux M.C., Gauthier G. Fading indirect effects in a warming Arctic tundra. Current Zoology. 2014; 60: 189–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss L.C., Svoboda J. Plant communities and plant production in the western Queen Elizabeth Islands. Holarctic Ecology. 1984; 7: 325–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulanger-Lapointe N., Lévesque E., Boudreau S., Henry G.H., Schmidt N.M. Population structure and dynamics of Arctic willow (Salix arctica) in the High Arctic. Journal of Biogeography. 2014; 41: 1967–1978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buus-Hinkler J., Hansen B.U., Tamstorf M.P., Pedersen S.B. Snow–vegetation relations in a High Arctic ecosystem: inter-annual variability inferred from new monitoring and modeling concepts. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2006; 105: 237–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan T.V., Bjorn L.O., Chernov Y., Chapin T., Christensen T.R., Huntley B., Ims R.A., Johansson M., Jolly D., Jonasson S., Matveyeva N., Panikov N., Oechel W., Shaver G., Elster J., Henttonen H., Laine K., Taulavuori K., Taulavuori E., Zockler C. Biodiversity, distributions and adaptations of arctic species in the context of environmental change. Ambio. 2004; 33: 404–417. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Campioli M., Leblans N., Michelsen A. Stem secondary growth of tundra shrubs: impact of environmental factors and relationships with apical growth. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research. 2012; 44: 16–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson B.A., Callaghan T.V. Positive plant interactions in tundra vegetation and the importance of shelter. Journal of Ecology. 1991; 79: 973–983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin F.S., III, McGraw J.B., Shaver G.R. Competition causes regular spacing of alder in Alaskan shrub tundra. Oecologia. 1989; 79: 412–416. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Chapin F.S., III, Shaver G.R., Giblin A.E., Nadelhoffer K.J., Laundre J.A. Response of Arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology. 1995; 76: 694–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper E.J. Reindeer grazing reduces seed and propagule bank in the High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2006; 84: 1740–1752.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson T.E., Bliss L.C. Patterns of water-use and the tissue water relations in the dioecious shrub, Salix arctica—the physiological-basis for habitat partitioning between the sexes. Oecologia. 1989; 79: 332–343. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Densmore R., Zasada J. Seed dispersal and dormancy patterns in northern willows: ecological and evolutionary significance. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1983; 61: 3207–3216.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas D.A. Seed germination, seedling demography and growth of Salix setchelliana on glacial river gravel bars in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1995; 73: 673–679.
   Google Scholar
• Douhovnikoff V., Goldsmith G.R., Tape K.D., Huang C., Sur N., Bret-Harte M.S. Clonal diversity in an expanding community of Arctic Salix spp. and a model for recruitment modes of Arctic plants. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research. 2010; 42: 406–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elberling B., Tamstorf M., Michelsen A., Arndal M.F., Sigsgaard C., Illeris L., Bay C., Hansen B.U., Christensen T.R., Hansen E.S., Jakobsen B.H., Beyens L. Soil and plant community-characteristics and dynamics at Zackenberg. Advances in Ecological Research. 2008; 40: 223–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmendorf S., Henry G.H.R., Hollister R.D., Björk R.G., Bjorkman A.D., Callaghan T.V., Siegwart Collier L., Cooper E.J., Cornelissen J.H.C., Day T.A., Fosaa A.M., Gould W.A., Gretarsdottir J., Harte J., Hermanutz L., Hik D.S., Hofgaard A., Jarrad F., Jonsdottir I.S., Keuper F., Klanderud K., Klein J.A., Koh S., Kudo G., Lang S.I., Loewen V., May J.L., Mercado J., Michelsen A., Molau U., Myers-Smith I.H., Oberbauer S.F., Pieper S., Post E., Rixen C., Robinson C.H., Schmidt N.M., Shaver G.R., Stenström A., Tolvanen A., Totland Ø., Troxler T., Wahren C.H., Webber P.J., Welker J.M., Wookey P.A. Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecological Letters. 2012; 15: 164–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmendorf S., Henry G.H.R., Hollister R.D., Björk R.G., Boulanger-Lapointe N., Cooper E.J., Cornelissen J.H.C., Day T.A., Dorrepaal E., Elumeeva T.G., Gill M., Gould W.A., Harte J., Hik D.S., Hofgaard A., Johnson D.R., Johnstone J.F., Jónsdóttir I.S., Jorgenson J.C., Klanderud K., Klein J.A., Koh S., Kudo G., Lara M., Lévesque E., Magnússon B., May J.L., Mercado-Díaz J.L., Michelsen A., Molau U., Myers-Smith I.H., Oberbauer S.F., Onipchenko V.G., Rixen C., Schmidt N.M., Shaver G.R., Spasojevic M.J., Þórhallsdóttir Þ.E., Tolvanen A., Troxler T., Tweedie C.E., Villareal S., Wahren C.-H., Walker X., Webber P.J., Welker J.M., Wipf S. Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nature Climate Change. 2012; 2: 453–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk J.M., Schmidt N.M., Christensen T.R., Strom L. Large herbivore grazing affects the vegetation structure and greenhouse gas balance in a High Arctic mire. Environmental Research Letters 10. 2015. article no. 045001.
   Google Scholar
• Farrer E.C., Ashton I.W., Knape J., Suding K.N. Separating direct and indirect effects of global change: a population dynamic modeling approach using readily available field data. Global Change Biology. 2014; 20: 1238–1250. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Forbes B.C., Fauria M.M., Zetterberg P. Russian Arctic warming and “greening” are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows. Global Change Biology. 2010; 16: 1542–1554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbis T.A. Seedling demography in an alpine ecosystem. American Journal of Botany. 2003; 90: 1197–1206. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Forchhammer M.C., Post E., Berg T.B.G., Hoye T.T., Schmidt N.M. Local-scale and short-term herbivore–plant spatial dynamics reflect influences of large-scale climate. Ecology. 2005; 86: 2644–2651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gacitua G., Bay C., Pedersen M.R., Tamstorf M.P. Quantifying snow and vegetation interactions in the High Arctic based on ground penetrating radar (GPR). Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research. 2013; 45: 201–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage E.A., Cooper D.J. Patterns of willow seed dispersal, seed entrapment, and seedling establishment in a heavily browsed montane riparian ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2005; 83: 678–687.
   Google Scholar
• Giraudoux P. Pgirmess: data analysis in ecology. R package version 1.5.8. 2013. Accessed on the internet at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pgirmess/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gold W.G., Bliss L.C. Water limitations and plant community development in a polar desert. Ecology. 1995; 76: 1558–1568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griggs R.F. Competition and succession on a Rocky Mountain fellfield. Ecology. 1956; 37: 8–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen B.U., Sigsgaard C., Rasmussen L., Cappelen J., Hinkler J., Mernild S.H., Petersen D., Tamstorf M.P., Rasch M., Hasholt B. Present-day climate at Zackenberg. Advances in Ecological Research. 2008; 40: 111–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassol S.J. Arctic climate impact assessment: impacts of a warming Arctic. 2004; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkler J., Birger U.H., Tamstorf M.P., Sigsgaard C., Petersen D. Snow and snow-cover in central northeast Greenland. Advances in Ecological Research. 2008; 40: 175–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen L.M., Christensen T.R., Schmidt N.M. Zackenberg ecological research operations. 19th annual report 2013. 2014; Roskilde: Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University.
   Google Scholar
• Jones M.H. Experimental investigations into effects of climate change on High Arctic plants. 1995; Edmonton: PhD dissertation, University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Jones M.H., Macdonald S.E., Henry G.H.R. Sex- and habitat-specific responses of a High Arctic willow, Salix arctica, to experimental climate change. Oikos. 1999; 87: 129–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klady R.A., Henry G.H.R., Lemay V. Changes in High Arctic tundra plant reproduction in response to long-term experimental warming. Global Change Biology. 2011; 17: 1611–1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen D., Kristensen E., Forchhammer M., Michelsen A., Schmidt N. Arctic herbivore diet can be inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in C3 plants, faeces, and wool. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2011; 89: 892–899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larter N.C., Nagy J.A. Seasonal and annual variability in the quality of important forage plants on Banks Island, Canadian High Arctic. Applied Vegetation Science. 2001; 4: 115–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legagneux P., Gauthier G., Lecomte N., Schmidt N.M., Reid D., Cadieux M.C., Berteaux D., Bety J., Krebs C.J., Ims R.A., Yoccoz N.G., Morrison R.I.G., Leroux S.J., Loreau M., Gravel D. Arctic ecosystem structure and functioning shaped by climate and herbivore body size. Nature Climate Change. 2014; 4: 379–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux P.C., Lenoir J., Pellissier L., Wisz M.S., Luoto M. Horizontal, but not vertical, biotic interactions affect fine-scale plant distribution patterns in a low-energy system. Ecology. 2013; 94: 671–682. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• le Roux P.C., Luoto M. Earth surface processes drive the richness, composition and occurrence of plant species in an Arctic–alpine environment. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2014; 25: 45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévesque E. Minimum area and cover-abundance scales as applied to polar desert vegetation. Arctic and Alpine Research. 1996; 28: 156–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelsen A., Schmidt I.K., Jonasson S., Dighton J., Jones H.E., Callaghan T.V. Inhibition of growth, and effects on nutrient uptake on Arctic graminoids by leaf extracts—allelopathy or resource competition between plants and microbes?. Oecologia. 1995; 103: 407–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith I.H., Elmendorf S.C., Beck P.S.A., Wilmking M., Hallinger M., Blok D., Tape K.D., Rayback S.A., Macias-Fauria M., Forbes B.C., Speed J.D.M., Boulanger-Lapointe N., Rixen C., Lévesque E., Schmidt N.M., Baittinger C., Trant A.J., Hermanutz L., Siegwart Collier L., Dawes M.A., Lantz T., Weijers S., Jørgensen R.H., Buchwal A., Buras A., Naito A.T., Ravolainen V., Schaepman-Strub G., Wheeler J., Wipf S., Guay K., Hik D.S., Vellend M. Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Climate Change. 2015; 5: 887–891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith I.H., Hallinger M., Blok D., Sass-Klaassen U., Rayback S.A., Weijers S., Trant A.J., Tape K.D., Naitoi A.T., Wipf S., Rixen C., Dawes M.A., Wheeler J.A., Buchwal A., Baittinger C., Macias-Fauria M., Forbes B.C., Lévesque E., Boulanger-Lapointe N., Beil I., Ravolainen V., Wilmking M. Methods for measuring Arctic and alpine shrub growth: a review. Earth-Science Reviews. 2015; 140: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith I.H., Hik D.S., Kennedy C., Cooley D., Johnstone J.F., Kenney A.J., Krebs C.J. Expansion of canopy-forming willows over the twentieth century on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. Ambio. 2011; 40: 610–623. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Nams M.L.N., Freedman B. Ecology of heath communities dominated by Cassiope tetragona at Alexandra Fjord, Ellesmere Island. Holarctic Ecology. 1987; 10: 22–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson J., Oksanen L., Callaghan T., Hulme P.E., Oksanen T., Suominen O. Herbivores inhibit climate-driven shrub expansion on the tundra. Global Change Biology. 2009; 15: 2681–2693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson J., Oksanen L., Oksanen T., Tuomi M., Hoset K.S., Virtanen R., Kyro K. Long-term experiments reveal strong interactions between lemmings and plants in the Fennoscandian highland tundra. Ecosystems. 2014; 17: 606–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajunen A.M., Oksanen J., Virtanen R. Impact of shrub canopies on understorey vegetation in western Eurasian tundra. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2011; 22: 837–846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polunin N. Plant succession in Norwegian Lapland. Journal of Ecology. 1936; 24: 372–391.
   Google Scholar
• Porsild A. Illustrated flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. 1957; Ottawa: Minister of Northern Affairs and National Ressources. Bulletin 146. Biological Series 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Porsild A.E., Cody W.J. Vascular plants of the continental Northwest Territories, Canada. 1980; Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Post E., Pedersen C. Opposing plant community responses to warming with and without herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008; 105: 12353–12358. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Raup H.M. Turf hummocks in the Mesters Vig district, northeast Greenland. Proceedings of the International Permafrost Conference, 11–15 November, Lafayette, Indiana. 1963; Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council. 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, Version 3.1.1. 2014; Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Ropars P., Boudreau S. Shrub expansion at the forest–tundra ecotone: spatial heterogeneity linked to local topography. Environmental Research Letters. 2012; 7: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015501 article no. 015501.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt N.M., Baittinger C., Kollmann J., Forchhammer M.C. Consistent dendrochronological response of the dioecious Salix arctica to variation in local snow precipitation across gender and vegetation types. Arctic Antarctic Alpine Research. 2010; 42: 471–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt N.M., Hansen L.H., Hansen J., Berg T.B., Meltofte H. BioBasis—conceptual design and sampling procedures of the biological programme of Zackenberg Basic. 2012; Roskilde: Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus. 15th edn.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt N.M., Kristensen D.K., Michelsen A., Bay C. High Arctic plant community responses to a decade of ambient warming. Biodiversity. 2012; 13: 191–199.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt N.M., Pedersen S.H., Mosbacher J.B., Hansen L.H. Long-term patterns of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) demographics in High Arctic Greenland. Polar Biology. 2015; 38: 1667–1675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver G.R., Laundre J.A., Giblin A.E., Nadelhoffer K.J. Changes in live plant biomass, primary production and species composition along a riverside toposequence in Arctic Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research. 1996; 28: 363–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevtsova A., Graae B.J., Jochum T., Milbau A., Kockelbergh F., Beyens L., Nijs I. Critical periods for impact of climate warming on early seedling establishment in Subarctic tundra. Global Change Biology. 2009; 15: 2662–2680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadavecchia L., Williams M., Bell R., Stoy P.C., Huntley B., van Wijk M.T. Topographic controls on the leaf area index and plant functional type of a tundra ecosystem. Journal of Ecology. 2008; 96: 1238–1251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steltzer H., Hufbauer R.A., Welker J.M., Casalis M., Sullivan P.F., Chimner R. Frequent sexual reproduction and high intraspecific variation in Salix arctica: implications for a terrestrial feedback to climate change in the High Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research—Biogeosciences. 2008; 113: 03S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000503.
   Google Scholar
• Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M. Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm M., Racine C., Tape K. Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature. 2001; 411: 546–547. [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Tamstorf M.P., Illeris L., Hansen B.U., Wisz M. Spectral measures and mixed models as valuable tools for investigating controls on land surface phenology in High Arctic Greenland. BMC Ecology. 2007; 7(9): http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-7-9.
   Google Scholar
• Thing H., Klein D.R., Jingfors K., Holt S. Ecology of muskoxen in Jameson Land, northeast Greenland. Holarctic Ecology. 1987; 10: 95–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolvanen A., Schroderus J., Henry G.H.R. Age- and stage-based bud demography of Salix arctica under contrasting muskox grazing pressure in the High Arctic. Evolutionary Ecology. 2002; 15: 443–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay B., Lévesque E., Boudreau S. Recent expansion of erect shrubs in the Low Arctic: evidence from eastern Nunavik. Environmental Research Letters. 2012; 7: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035501 article no. 035501.
   Google Scholar
• Venn S.E., Morgan J.W. Patterns in alpine seedling emergence and establishment across a stress gradient of mountain summits in south-eastern Australia. Plant Ecology & Diversity. 2009; 2: 5–16. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Wager H.G. Growth and survival of plants in the Arctic. Journal of Ecology. 1938; 26: 390–410.
   Google Scholar
• Walker M.D., Wahren C.H., Hollister R.D., Henry G.H.R., Ahlquist L.E., Alatalo J.M., Bret-Harte M.S., Calef M.P., Callaghan T.V., Carroll A.B., Epstein H.E., Jonsdottir I.S., Klein J.A., Magnusson B., Molau U., Oberbauer S.F., Rewa S.P., Robinson C.H., Shaver G.R., Suding K.N., Thompson C.C., Tolvanen A., Totland O., Turner P.L., Tweedie C.E., Webber P.J., Wookey P.A. Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006; 103: 1342–1346. [PubMed Abstract] [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar