The seasonal evolution of shelf water masses around Bouvetøya, a sub-Antarctic island in the mid-Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, determined from an instrumented southern elephant seal

References

• Abbott M.R., Richman J.G., Letelier R.M., Bartlett J.S. The spring bloom in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone as observed from a mesoscale array of bio-optical sensors. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2000; 47: 3285–3314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardyna M., Babin M., Gosselin M., Devred E., Bélanger S., Matsuoka A., Tremblay J.-É. Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic Ocean: impact of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal and annual primary production estimates. Biogeosciences Discussions. 2013; 10: 1345–1399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blain S., Quéguiner B., Armand L., Belviso S., Bombled B., Bopp L., Bowie A., Brunet C., Brussaard C., Carlotti F. Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature. 2007; 446: 1070–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blain S., Tréguer P., Belviso S., Bucciarelli E., Denis M., Desabre S., Fiala M., Jézéquel V.M., Le Fèvre J., Mayzaud P. A biogeochemical study of the island mass effect in the context of the iron hypothesis: Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I. 2001; 48: 163–187.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchet M.-A., Biuw M., Hofmeyr G.J.G., de Bruyn P.J.N., Lydersen C., Kovacs K.M. At-sea behaviour of three krill predators breeding at Bouvetøya—Antarctic fur seals, macaroni penguins and chinstrap penguins. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2013; 477: 285–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehme L., Lovell P., Biuw M., Roquet F., Nicholson J., Thorpe S.E., Meredith M.P., Fedak M. Technical note: animal-borne CTD-satellite relay data loggers for real-time oceanographic data collection. Ocean Science. 2009; 5: 685–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd K.E., Gregg M.C. Surface mixed and mixing layer depths. Deep-Sea Research Part I. 1995; 42: 1521–1543.
   Google Scholar
• Cherel Y., Fontaine C., Richard P., Labat J.-P. Isotopic niches and trophic levels of myctophid fishes and their predators in the Southern Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography. 2010; 55: 324–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Dávila M., Santana-Casiano J.M., Fine R.A., Happell J., Delille B., Speich S. Carbonate system in the water masses of the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during February and March 2008. Biogeosciences. 2011; 8: 1401–1413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmeyr G.J.G., Bester M.N., Kirkman S.P., Lydersen C., Kovacs K.M. Intraspecific differences in the diet of Antarctic fur seals at Nyrøysa, Bouvetøya. Polar Biology. 2010; 33: 1171–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmeyr G.J.G., Krafft B.A., Kirkman S.P., Bester M.N., Lydersen C., Kovacs K.M. Population changes of Antarctic fur seals at Nyrøysa, Bouvetøya. Polar Biology. 2005; 28: 725–731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins D.A., Bruland K.W. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si: N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature. 1998; 393: 561–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huyer A., Fleischbein J.H., Keister J., Kosro P.M., Perlin N., Smith R.L., Wheeler P.A. Two coastal upwelling domains in the northern California Current system. Journal of Marine Research. 2005; 63: 901–929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson D.S., London J.M., Lea M.A., Durban J.W. Continuous-time correlated random walk model for animal telemetry data. Ecology. 2008; 89: 1208–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson G.C., Bryden H.L. On the size of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep Sea Research Part A. 1989; 36: 39–53.
   Google Scholar
• Klunder M.B., Laan P., Middag R., De Baar H.J.W., Van Ooijen J.C. Dissolved iron in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector). Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2011; 58: 2678–2694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korb R.E., Whitehouse M.J., Ward P. SeaWiFS in the southern ocean: spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton biomass around South Georgia. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2004; 51: 199–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krafft B.A., Melle W., Knutsen T., Bagøien E., Broms C., Ellertsen B., Siegel V. Distribution and demography of Antarctic krill in the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 2008. Polar Biology. 2010; 33: 957–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn C.E., Johnson D.S., Ream R.R., Gelatt T.S. Advances in the tracking of marine species: using GPS locations to evaluate satellite track data and a continuous-time movement model. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2009; 393: 97–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law C.S., Abraham E.R., Watson A.J., Liddicoat M.I. Vertical eddy diffusion and nutrient supply to the surface mixed layer of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans. 2003; 108: article no. 3272, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001604.
   Google Scholar
• Lowther A.D., Lydersen C., Biuw M., de Bruyn P.J.N., Hofmeyr G.J.G., Kovacs K.M. Post-breeding at-sea movements of three central-place foragers in relation to submesoscale fronts in the Southern Ocean around Bouvetøya. Antarctic Science. 2014; 6: 533–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther A.D., Lydersen C., Fedak M.A., Lovell P., Kovacs K.M. The Argos-CLS Kalman Filter: error structures and state-space modelling relative to Fastloc GPS data. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0124754, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124754.
   Google Scholar
• Lowther A.D., Lydersen C., Kovacs K.M. A sum greater than its parts: merging multi-predator tracking studies to increase ecological understanding. Ecosphere. 2015; 6: article no. 251, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00293.1.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell B.J., Chambers C., Nicholas K.S., Fedak M.A. Satellite tracking of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Journal of Zoology. 1992; 226: 271–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall T.J., Feistel R., Millero F.J., Jackett D.R., Wright D.G., King B.A., Marion G.M., Chen C., Spitzer P., Seitz S. The international thermodynamic equation of seawater—2010: calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. Manuals and guides 56. 2009; Paris: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Meredith M.P., Nicholls K.W., Renfrew I.A., Boehme L., Biuw M., Fedak M. Seasonal evolution of the upper-ocean adjacent to the South Orkney Islands, Southern Ocean: results from a “lazy biological mooring.”. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2011; 58: 1569–1579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongin M., Molina E., Trull T.W. Seasonality and scale of the Kerguelen plateau phytoplankton bloom: a remote sensing and modeling analysis of the influence of natural iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2008; 55: 880–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen J., Falck E. Variations of mixed layer properties in the Norwegian Sea for the period 1948–1999. Progress in Oceanography. 2006; 70: 58–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsi A.H., Whitworth T., Nowlin W.D. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research Part I. 1995; 42: 641–673.
   Google Scholar
• Pakhomov E.A., McQuaid C.D. Distribution of surface plankton and seabirds across the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology. 1996; 16: 271–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prézelin B.B., Hofmann E.E., Mengelt C., Klinck J.M. The linkage between Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) and phytoplankton assemblages on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Journal of Marine Research. 2000; 58: 165–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rombolá E.F., Marschoff E., Coria N. Inter-annual variability in chinstrap penguin diet at South Shetland and South Orkneys islands. Polar Biology. 2010; 33: 799–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roquet F., Charrassin J.-B., Marchand S., Boehme L., Fedak M., Reverdin G., Guinet C. Delayed-mode calibration of hydrographic data obtained from animal-borne satellite relay data loggers. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2011; 28: 787–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick D.L., Ferrari R. Compensation of horizontal temperature and salinity gradients in the ocean mixed layer. Science. 1999; 283: 526–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniland I.J., Morton A., Robinson S.L., Malone D., Forcada J. Foraging behaviour in two Antarctic fur seal colonies with differing population recoveries. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2011; 434: 183–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trathan P.N., Forcada J., Murphy E.J. Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007; 362: 2351–2365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trathan P.N., Ratcliffe N., Masden E.A. Ecological drivers of change at South Georgia: the krill surplus, or climate variability. Ecography. 2012; 35: 983–993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitworth T., Nowlin W.D. Water masses and currents of the Southern Ocean at the Greenwich Meridian. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans. 1987; 92: 6462–6476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M., Dorland R.D. Aggregation and vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba . Deep-Sea Research Part II. 2004; 51: 2119–2137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar