Energy costs during incubation in Svalbard and Willow Ptarmigan hens

References

• Aulie, A. 1976: The shivering pattern in an arctic (Wil-low Ptarmigan) and a tropical bird (Bantam hen). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53A, 347–350.
   Google Scholar
• Baerends, G.P. 1959: The ethological analysis of incu-bation behaviour. Ibis. 101.357-368.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, E.K. 1949: Redetemperaturen og rugevaner. Naturen, 81–95.
   Google Scholar
• Biebach, H. 1979: Energetik des Brntens beim star (Sturnus vulgaris). J. Ornithol. 120, 121–138.
   Google Scholar
• Biebach, H. 1981: Energetic cost of incubation on dif-ferent clutch sizes in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Ardea 69, 141–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisbin, I.L. 1964: Bioenergetic of the breeding cycle of the ring dove. Auk. 86,54–74.
   Google Scholar
• El-Wailly, A.J. 1966: Energy requirements of egg laying and incubation in the zebra finch, Taeniopygia castanatis. London 68,582–594.
   Google Scholar
• Erikstad, K.E. 1985: Relationship between weather, body condition and incubation rhythm in willow grouse. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Bergen. Paper 2.
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielsen, G.W. & Steen, J.B. 1979: Tachycardia during egg hypothermia in incubating ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). Ada Phys. Scand. 107,273–277.
   Google Scholar
• Gessaman, J.A. & Findell, P.R. 1979: Energy cost of incubation in the American Kestrel. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 63A, 57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Grammeltvedt, R. 1978: Atrophy of breast muscle with a single fibre type (M.pectoralis) in fasting Willow Grouse, Lagopus lagopus (L). J. Exp. Zool. 205 (2), 195–204.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, G.S. & Whittow, G.C. 1983: Metabolic cost of incubation in the Laysan Albatross and Bonin Petrel. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74A (1), 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Haftorn, S. & Reinertsen, R.E. 1985: The effect of temperature and clutch size on the energetic cost of incubation in free-living blue tit (Parus caeruleus). Auk. 102 (3), 470–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendeigh, S.C. 1963: Thermodynamics of incubation in the house wren (Troglodytes aedon). Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 13,884–904.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiber, M. 1975: The fire of life. An introduction to animal energetics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London.
   Google Scholar
• Korschgen, C.E. 1977: Breeding stress of female Eiders in Maine. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 41,360–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens, J.A.L. 1977: The energy requirement for incu-bation in great tits (Purus major L.) Ardea 65, 185–196.
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, J.A.L. 1980: The energy requirement for incu-bation in great tits and other bird species. Ardea 69,184–192.
   Google Scholar
• Midtgärd, U., Sejrsen, P. & Johansen, K. 1985: Blood flow in the brood patch of Bantam hens: evidence of cold vasodilation. J. Comp Physiol. B. 155, 703–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, H. 1976: Body weight and carcass composition of the Common Eider. Wildfow127,115 — 122.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, A., Unander, S., Kolstad, M. & Blix, A.S. 1983: Seasonal changes in body composition and crop content of Spitsbergen Ptarmigan ( Lagopus mutus hyperboreus). Ornis Scand. 14, 144–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, A. & Blix, A.S. 1985a : Seasonal changes in resting metabolic rate and mass-specific conductan-ce in Svalbard Ptarmigan and Norwegian Rock Ptar-migan and Norwegian Willow Ptarmigan. Ornis. Scand. 17, 8–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, A. & Blix, A.S. 1985b: Seasonal changes in energy intake, energy expenditure and digestibility in Svalbard Ptarmigan and Norwegian Willow Ptarmi-gan. Ph.D.thesis. Univ. of Tromso. Paper 6.
   Google Scholar
• Moss, R. 1973: The digestion and intake of winter foods by wild ptarmigan in Alaska. Condor 75, 293–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, R. & Hanssen, I. 1980: Grouse nutrition. Nutri-tion abstracts and Reviews B. 50,550–567.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, D.W. 1973: Ecological energetics of Calidri-dine Sandpipers breeding in Northern Alaska. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 34,2267 —2268.
   Google Scholar
• Pulliainen, E. 1978: Behaviour of a Willow Grouse ( La-gopus 1. lagopus) on the nest. Ornis Fennica 55, 141–148.
   Google Scholar
• RicIdefs, R.E. 1974: Energetics of reproduction in birds. Pp. 152-292 in Paynter, R.A. Jr. (ed.): Avian energetics. Nuttall Ornithol. Club Publ. No. 15. Cam-bridge, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle, O. & Brancher, P.F. 1934: Studies on the phy-siology of reproduction in birds. XX XIII. Body size changes in doves and pigeons incident to stages of the reproductive cycle. Am. J. Physiol. 107, 343-347.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1975: In animal Physiology Adap-tion and Environment. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slagsvold, T. 1975: Production of young by the Willow Grouse (Lagopus lagopus ( L.))in Norway in relation to temperature. Norw. J. Zoo! 23, 269–275.
   Google Scholar
• Steen, J.B. & Unander, S. 1985: Breeding biology of the Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyper-boreus). Ornis Scand. 16, 191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mien, O., Aulie, A. & Steen, J.B. 1986: Thermoregula-tory responses to egg cooling in incubating Bantam hens. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 156, 303-307.
   Google Scholar
• Unander, S., Mortensen, A. & Elvebakk, A. 1985: Crop content of the Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus). Polar Research 3 (2), 239–243.
   Google Scholar
• Vleck, C.M. 1981: Energetic cost of incubation in the zebra finch. Condor 83, 229–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsberg, G.E. & King, J.R. 1978: The energetic conse-quences of incubation for two passerine species. Auk. 95,644–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, G.C. 1960: Seasonal variation in the energy balance of the sparrow in relation to migration. Auk 77,306–329.
   Google Scholar