The pelagic distribution of marine birds in a heterogeneous environment

References

• Abrams, R. W. & Lutjeharms J. R. E. 1988: Relationships between seabirds and mesoscale hydrographic features in the Agulhes Current Retroflection Region. Pp. 991-996 in Oulette, H. ( ed.): Proc. XIX Int. Orn. Congr. Ottawa, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G. & Boekelheide, R. L. 1984: An ecological comparison of oceanic seabird communities of the south Pacific Ocean. Stud. Avian Biology 8, 2–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G. & Jacobs, S. S. 1981: Sea-bird affinities for ocean and ice boundaries in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Res. 28A, 1173–1185.
   Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G., Fraser, W. R., Sullivan, C. W., Torres, J. J., Hopkins, T. L. & Smith, W. O. 1986: Antarctic mesopelagic micronekton: evidence from seabirds that pack ice affects community structure. Science 232, 847–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, V. & Chapman, T. 1981: The role of epontic communities in Bering Sea ice. Pp. 773-780 in Hood, D. W. & Calder, J. A. ( eds.): The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. Vol. II, NOAA, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, V. & Niebauer, H. J. 1981: Oceanography of the eastern Bering Sea iceedge zone in spring. Limn°logy and Oceanography 26, 1111–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashmole, N. P. 1971: Seabird ecology and the marine environment. Pp. 223-286 in Earner D. S. & King J. R. ( eds.): Avian Biol. I. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Au, D. W. K. & Pitman, R. L. 1986: Seabird interactions with dolphins and tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific. Condor 88, 304–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, D. W. K. & Pitman, R. L. 1988: Seabird relationships with tropical tunas and dolphins. Pp. 174-212 in Burger, J. (ed.): Seabirds and other marine vertebrates. Columbia U. Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Barroclough, W. E., Lebrasseur, R. J. & Kennedy, O. D. 1969: Shallow scattering layer in the subantarctic Pacific Ocean: detection by highfrequency echosounder. Science 166, 611–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, R. D. 1983: Blacklegged kittiwake feeding flocks in Alaska: selfish/reciprocal altruistic flocks? J. Field Ornithol. 54, 196–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belopol'skii, L. O. 1961: Ecology of sea colony birds of the Barents Sea. Israel Prog. Sci. Transl. Jerusalem.
   Google Scholar
• Birkhead, T. R. 1976: Effects of sea conditions on rates at which Guillemots feed chicks. Brit. Birds 69, 490–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkhead, T. R. & Furness, R. W. 1985: Regulation of seabird populations. Pp. 147-167 in Sibley, R. M. & Smith, R. H. ( eds.): Behavioral ecology; ecological consequences of adaptive behavior. Blackwell, London.
   Google Scholar
• Birt, V. L., Birt, T. P., Goulet, D., Cairns, D. K. & Montevecchi, W. A. 1987: Ashmole's halo: direct evidence for prey depletion by a seabird. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 40, 205–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradstreet, M. S. W. 1979: Thick-billed murres and black guillemots in the Barrow Strait area, N. W. T., during spring: distribution and habitat use. Can. J. Zool. 57,1789–1802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradstreet, M. S. W. 1980: Thick-billed nurses and black guillemots in the Barrow Strait area, N.W.T., during spring: Diets and food availability along ice edges. Can. J. Zool, 58, 2120–2140.
   Google Scholar
• Bradstreet, M. S. W. 1982: Occurrence, habitat use and behavior of seabirds, marine mammals and Arctic cod at the Pond Inlet ice edge. Arctic 35, 28–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradstreet, M. S. W. 1988: Importance of ice edges to High-Arctic seabirds. Pp. 997-1000 in Oulette, H. ( ed.): Proc. XIX Int. Orn. Congr., Ottawa, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Bradstreet, M. S. W. & Cross, W. E. 1982: Trophic relationships at High Arctic ice edges. Arctic 35, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, B. M. & Gaskin, D. E. 1982: Feeding ecology of nonbreeding populations of lands off Deer Island, New Brunswick. Auk 99, 67–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, K. T. & Chu, E. W. 1986: Sooty shearwaters off California: distribution, abundance and habitat use. Condor 88, 355–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, K. T., Ainley, D. G., Spear, L. B., Adams, P. B. & Smith, S. E. 1988: Feeding of two alcids at central California upwellings. Pp. 982-990 in Oulette, H. ( ed.): Proc. XIX Int. Orn. Congr., Ottawa, 1986,
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, K. T., Dettman, K. F., Lewis, D. B. & Tyler, W. B. 1984: Phalarope feeding in relation to autumn upwelling off California. Pp. 51-62 in Nettleship, D. N., Sanger, G. A. & Springer, P. F. ( eds.): Marine birds: their feeding ecology and commercial fisheries relationships. Can. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, K. T., Tyler, W. B., Lewis D. B. & Carlson, D. R. 1987: Bird communities at sea off California: 1975-1983. Stud. Avian Biol. II, 1–74.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. 1979: Seabirds of the Senegal upwelling and adjacent waters. Ibis 121, 283–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. 1980a: Seabirds as marine animals. Pp. 1-39 in Burger, J., Olla, B. L. & Winn, H. E. ( eds.): Behavior of Marine Animals 4. Plenum Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. 19806: The pelagic ecology of seabirds. Tram. Linnaean Soc. New York 9, 15-22.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. 1988: Zooplankton patchiness and seabird distributions. Pp. 1001-1009 in Oulette, H. ( ed.): Proc. XIX Int. Orn. Congr., Ottawa, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. & Gaskin, D. E. 1988: The pelagic ecology of the Grey and Red-necked Phalaropes Phalaropus fulicarius and P. lobatus in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. Ibis 130, 234–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. G. B. & Nettleship, D. N. 1981: The biological significance of polynyas to Arctic colonial seabirds. Pp. 59-65 in Stirling, I. & Cleater, H. ( eds.): Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Can. Wildl. Serv. Occ. Pap. 45.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, J. R., GammelsrOd, T., Johannssen, J. A., Johannssen, O. M. & Roed, L. P. 1979: Upwelling: oceanic structure at the edge of the Arctic ice pack in winter. Science 203, 165–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J. 1988: Seabirds and other marine vertebrates. Columbia U. Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Cadee, G. C. 1981: Seabird observations between Rotterdam and the equatorial Atlantic. Ibis 117, 339–356.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, D. K. & Schneider, D. C. 1990: Hotspots in cold water: feeding habitat selection by thick-billed murres. Stud. Avian Biology ( in press).
   Google Scholar
• Coachman, L. K. 1986: Circulation, water masses, and fluxes on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 5,23–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coachman, L. K., Aagaard, K. & Tripp, R. B. 1975: Bering Strait: The regional physical oceanography. U. Washington Press, Seattle. 172 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cooney, R. T. & Coyle, K. O. 1982: Trophic implications of cross-shelf copepod distributions in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar. Biol. 70, 187–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle, K. O. & Cooney, R. T. 1988: Estimating carbon flux to pelagic grazers in the ice-edge zone of the eastern Bering Sea. Mar. Biol. 98, 299–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxall, J. P., Davis, R. W. & O'Connell, M. J. 1988: Diving patterns in relation to diet of Gentoo and Macaroni Penguins at South Georgia. Condor 90, 157–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxall, J. P., Everson, I., Koozman, G. L., Ricketts, C. & Davis, R. W. 1985: Fur seal diving behavior in relation to vertical distribution of krill. J. Anim. Ecol, 54, 1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Divoky, G. J. 1979: Sea ice as a factor in seabird distribution and ecology in the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering seas. Pp. 9-18 in Bartoneck, I. C. & Nettleship, D. N. ( eds.): Conservation of Marine Birds of Northern North America. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report 11.
   Google Scholar
• Divoky, G. J. 1981: Birds and the ice-edge ecosystem in the Bering Sea. Pp. 799-804 in Hood, D. W. & Calder, J. A. ( eds.): The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. Vol. II, NOAA, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, D. C. 1983: The foraging ecology of Peruvian seabirds. Auk 100, 800–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, D. C. 1986: Foraging at patches: interactings between Common and Roseate Terns. Ornis Scand. 17, 47-52.
   Google Scholar
• Dunbar, M. J. 1981: Physical causes and biological significance of polynyas and other open water in sea ice. Pp. 29-43 in Stirling, I. & Cleator, H. ( eds.): Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Can. Wildl. Serv. Occ. Pap. 45.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, E. K. 1973: Changes in fishing ability of terns associated with windspeed and sea surface conditions. Nature 244, 520–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppley, Z. A. & Harrison, N. M. 1985: Distribution of marine birds off Wilkes Land, February 1985. U.S. Antarctic Journal 1985 Review, 164–166.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, P. G. H. 1982: Associations between seabirds and cetaceans: a review. Mammal. Rev. 12, 187–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson, I. 1983: Variations in vertical distribution and density of krill swarms in the vicinity of South Georgia. Memoirs of Nat'l. Instit. Polar Res. Tokyo Special Issue 27, 84–92.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, R. G., Wiens, J. A., Heinemann, D. & Hunt, G. L. 1982: Modelling the sensitivity of colonially breeding marine birds to oil spills: Guillemot and kittiwake populations on the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. J. Appl. Ecol. I9, 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, W. R. & Ainley, D. G. 1986: Ice edges and seabird occurrence in Antarctica. BioScience 36, 258–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness, R. W. & Birkhead, T. R. 1984: Seabird colony distributions suggest competition for food supplies during the breeding season. Nature Lond. 311, 655-656.
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, D. L., Sullivan, C. W. & Ackley, S. F. 1986: Sea ice microbial communities in Antarctica. BioScience 36, 243–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston, A J. & Nettleship, D. N. 1981: The thick-billed murres of Prince Leopold Island. Can. Wildl. Serv. Monogr. Ser. 6, 1–350.
   Google Scholar
• Gaston, A. J., Chapdelaine, G. & Noble, D. 1983: The growth of thick-billed murre chicks at colonies in Hudson Strait: inter- and intracolony variation. Can. J. Zool. 61, 2465–2475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götmark, F., Winkler, D. W. & Andersson, M. 1986: Flock-feeding on fish schools increases individual success in gulls. Nature Lond. 319, 589–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, J. J. & Olla, B. L. 1983: The role of the Rhinocerous Anklet (Cerorhinea monocerata) in mixed species feeding assemblages of seabirds in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. Auk 100, 979-982.
   Google Scholar
• Gulliksen, B. 1984: Underice fauna from Svalbard waters. Sarsia 69, 17–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzman, J. R. & Myers, M. T. 1987: Ecology and behavior of Southern Hemisphere shearwaters (Genus Puffinus) when over the outer continental shelf of the Gulf of Alsaka and Bering Sea during the northern summer (1975-1976). Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Final Report 54, NOAA, Washington, D.C., 571-682.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, J. C. 1985: Wintering phalaropes off the southeastern United States: application of remote sensing imagery to seabird habitat analysis at oceanic fronts. J. Field. Omith. 56, 321–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, J. C. & McGillivary, P. A. 1985a: Aggregations of Cory's Shearwaters (Caloneatris diomedea) at Gulf Stream fronts. Wilson Bull. 97, 191-200.
   Google Scholar
• Haney, J. C. & McGillivary, P. A. 1985b: Midshelf fronts in the South Atlantic Bight and their influence on seabird distribution and seasonal abundance. Biol. Oceanogr. 3, 401-430.
   Google Scholar
• Harder, W. 1968: Reactions of plankton organisms to water stratification. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 13, 156–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, C. S. 1979: The association of marine birds and feeding grey whales. Condor 81, 93–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, J. J. 1975: Piracy of Laughing Gulls Larus atricilla: an example of the selfish group. Ibis 117, 357–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann, D., Hunt, G. & Everson, I. 1989: The distributions of marine avian predators and their prey, Euphausia superba, in Bransfield Strait and southern Drake Passage, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 58, 3–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, W., Heinemann, D. & Wiens, J. A. 1981: The ecology of seabird feeding flocks in Alaska. Auk 98, 437–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L. & Butler, J. L. 1980: Reproductive ecology of Western Gulls and Xantus' Murrelets with respect to food resources in the Southern California Bight. Cal COFI Rept. 21, 62–67.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L. & Schneider, D. C. 1987: Scale-dependent processes in physical and biological environment of marine birds. Pp. 7-41 in Croxall, J. P. ( ed.): Seabirds: feeding biology and role in marine ecosystems. Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Eppley, Z. A. & Schneider, D. C. 1986: Reproductive performance of seabirds: the importance of population and colony size. Auk 103, 306–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Everson, I., Veit, R. R. & Heinemann, D. 1985: Distribution of marine birds and their prey in Bransfield Strait and southern Drake Passage. Ant. J. U.S. 19, 166–168.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Gould, P., Forsell, D. & Peterson, H. 1981: Pelagic distribution of marine birds in the eastern Bering Sea. Pp. 689-717 in Hood, D. W. & Calder, J. A. ( eds.): The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. Vol. NOAA, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Harrison, N. M. & Cooney, T. 1990: Foraging of Least Auklets: the influence of hydrographic structure and prey abundance. Stud. Avian Biology ( in press).
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Harrison, N. M., Hamner, W. M. & Obst, B. S. 1988: Observations of a mixed-species flock of birds foraging on euphausiids near St. Mathew Island, Bering Sea. Auk 105, 345–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, R. L., Coachman, L. K., Cooney, R. T., English, T. S., Goering, J. J., Hunt, G. L., MacCauley, M. C., McRoy, C. P., Reeburg, W. S. & Whitledge, T. E. 1979: Ecological significance of fronts in the southeastern Bering Sea. Pp. 437-465 in Livingston, R. L. ( ed.): Ecological processes in coastal and marine systems. Plenum Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Joiris, C. 1983: Winter distributions of seabirds in the North Sea: an oceanological interpretation. Gefaut 73, 107–123.
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, T. H. & Schumacher, S. D. 1981: Circulation over the continental shelf of the southeastern Bering Sea. Pp. 53-75 in Hood, D. W. & Calder, J. A. ( eds.): The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. Vol. I., NOAA, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, T. H., Hunt, G. L., Schneider, D. & Schumacher, J. D. 1983: Correlations between seabirds and oceanic fronts around the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 16, 309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasker, R. 1979: Factors contributing to variable recruitment of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in the California Current: contrasting years 1975 through 1978. ICES Symposium on the early life history of fish. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Loeb, V. J. & Shulenberger, E. 1987: Vertical distributions and relations of Euphausiid populations off Elephant Island, March 1984. Polar Biol. 7,363-374.
   Google Scholar
• Mauchline, J. 1980: The biology of mysids and euphausiids. Adv. Mar. Biol. 18, 527–542.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, P. L. 1982: Spring migration and habitat use by seabirds in eastern Lancaster Sound and western Baffin Bay. Arctic 35, 88–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoy, C. P. & Goering, J. J. 1974: The influence of ice on the primary productivity of the Bering Sea. Pp. 403-421 in Hood, D. W. & Kelly, E. J. ( eds.): Oceanography of the Bering Sea. Institute of Marine Science (Alaska) Occ. Publ. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Müller-Karger, F. & Alexander, V. 1987: Nitrogen dynamics in a marginal sea-ice zone. Cont. Shelf Res. 7,805–823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettleship, D. N., Birkhead, T. R. & Gaston, A. J. 1984: Breeding of Arctic seabirds in unusual ice years: the thickbilled murrc Uria lomvia in 1978. Bedford Institute of Oceanography Review 1984, 35–38.
   Google Scholar
• Niebauer, H. J. & Alexander, V. 1985: Oceanographic frontal structure and biological production at an ice edge. Cont. Shelf Res. 4, 367–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obst, B. S. 1985: Densities of Antarctic seabirds at sea and the presence of the krill Euphausia superba. Auk 102, 540–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obst, B. S. & Hunt, G. L. 1990: Marine birds foraging at grey whale mud plumes in the Bering Sea. Auk (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Orr, C. D., Word, R. M. P., Williams, N. A. & Brown, R. G. B. 1982: Migration patterns of Red and Northern Phalaropes in southwest Davis Strait and in the northern Labrador Sea. Wilson Bull. 94, 303–312.
   Google Scholar
• Piatt, J. F. 1990: The aggregative response of Common Murres and Atlantic Puffins to schools of Capelin. Stud. Avian Biology ( in press).
   Google Scholar
• Peterman, R. M. & Bradford, M. J. 1987: Wind speed and mortality rate of a marine fish, the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Science 235, 354–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, K. D. 1983: Pelagic distributions of birds off the north-eastern United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Technical Memorandum NMES-FINEC-27. Woods Hole, Mass. 201 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ridoux. V. 1987: Feeding association between seabirds and killer whales, Orcinus orca, around subantarctic Crozet Islands. Can. J. Zool. 65, 2113–2115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safina, C. & Burger, I. 1985: Common Tern foraging: seasonal trends in prey fish densities and competition with Bluefish. Ecol. 66, 1457–1463.
   Google Scholar
• Safina, C. & Burger, J. 1988: Ecological dynamics among prey fish, Bluefish, and foraging Common Terns in an Atlantic coastal system. Pp. 95-173 in Burger, J. ( ed.): Seabirds 84 other marine vertebrates. Columbia U. Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Salt, G. W. & Willard, D. C. 1971: The hunting behavior and success of Forster's Tern. Ecol. 52, 989–998.
   Google Scholar
• Schandelmeier, L. & Alexander, V. 1981: An analysis of the influence of ice on spring phytoplankton structure in the southeast Bering Sea. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 26, 935–943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C. 1982: Fronts and seabird aggregations in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10, 101–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C. & Duffy, D. C. 1985: Scale-dependent variability in seabird abundance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25, 211–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C. & Ilunt, G. L. 1982: Carbon flux to seabirds in water with different mixing regimes in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar. Biol. 67, 337–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C. & Piatt, J. F. 1986: Scale-dependent correlation of seabirds with schooling fish in a coastal ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32, 237–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C., Duffy, D. C. & Hunt, G. L., Jr. 1988: Cross-shelf gradients in the abundance of pelagic birds. Pp. 976-981 in Oulette, H. (cd.): Proc. XIX I. Orn. Congr., Ottawa, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C., Harrison, N. M. & Hunt, G. L. 1987: Variation in the occurrence of marine birds at fronts in the Bering Sea. Esmar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25, 135–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C., Harrison, N. M. & Hunt, G. L. 1990: Seabird diet at a bathymetrically determined confluence near the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Stud. Avian Biology (in press). Schneider, D. C., Hunt, G. L. & Harrison, N. M. 1986: Mass and energy transfer to seabirds in the southeastern Bering Sea. Cont. Shelf. Res. 5, 241–257.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, D. C., Pierotti, R. & Threlfall, W. 1990: Alcid patchiness and flight directions near a colony in eastern New-foundland. Stud. Avian Biology ( in press).
   Google Scholar
• Scaly, S. O. 1973: Interspecifie feeding assemblages of marine birds off British Columbia. Auk 90, 796–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, E. 1978: Schooling fishes. Am. Sci. 66, 166–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuntov, V. P. 1974: Seabirds and the biological structure of the ocean, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Nat'l. Tech. Inf. Serv. (NTIS-TT-74-55032).
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, K. E. L. 1972: Some adaptive features of seabird plumage types. Brit. Birds 65, 405-479, 510–521.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L., Smith, W. O., Codispotti, L. A. & Wilson, D. L. 1985: Biological observations in the marginal ice zone of the east Greenland Sea. J. Mar. Rev. 43, 693–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. O. 1987: Phytoplankton dynamics in marginal ice zones. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25, 11–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. O. & Nelson, D. M. 1985: Phyloplankton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea: spatial coherence with the density field. Science 227, 163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. O. & Nelson, D. M. 1986: Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean. BioScience 36, 251–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, A. M. & Roseneau, D. G. 1985: Copepod-based food webs: anklets and oceanography in the Bering Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21, 229–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, A. M., Murphy, E. C., Roseneau, D. G., Cooper, B. P. & McRoy, C. P. 1987: Seabird food webs in the northern Bering Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 7, 895–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, A. M., Roseneau, D. G., Murphy, E. C. & Springer, M. I. 1984: Environmental controls of marine food webs: food habits of seabirds in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41, 1202–1215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, I. 1980: The biological importance of polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 33, 303–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonehouse, B. 1967: Occurrence and effects of open water in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during winter and early spring. Pol. Res. 13, 775–778.
   Google Scholar
• Trivelpiece, W. Z., Benatson, J. L., Trivelpiece, S. G. & Volkman, N. J. 1986: Foraging behavior of Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins as determined by new radiotelemetry techniques. Auk 103, 777–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer, K., Szabo, I. & Greisman, P. 1987: The relationship between plankton-feeding Bonaparte's and Mew Gulls and tidal upwelling at Active Pass, British Columbia. J. Plankton Res. 9, 483–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veit, R. R. 1985: Long-tailed Jacgers wintering along the Falk-land Current. Amer. Birds 39, 873–878.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, J. J. & McRoy, C. P. 1986: Ecosystem analysis in the southeastern Bering Sea. Cont. Shelf Rev. 5, 259–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanless, S., Harris, M. P. & Morris, J. A. 1985: Radio monitoring as a method for estimating time budgets of Guillemots Uria aalge. Bird Study 32, 170–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenberger, J. F. & Hunt, O. L. 1985: The adaptive significance of coloniality in birds. Pp. 1-78 in Earner, D. S., King, J. R. & Parkes, K. C. ( eds.): Avian Biol. 8. Academic Press, Orlando.
   Google Scholar
• Woodby, D. A. 1984: The April distribution of murres and prey patches in the southeastern Bering Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 181–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar