Social injury: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the attitudes towards suicide of lay persons in Ghana.

References

• Abulad R. E. What is hermeneutics?. Kritike. 2007; 1(2): 11–23.
   Google Scholar
• Adinkrah M. Witchcraft accusations and female homicide victimization in Contemporary Ghana. Violence Against Women. 2004; 10(4): 325–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adinkrah, M. (2010). Better dead than dishonored: Masculinity and male suicidal behavior in contemporary Ghana. Social Science & Medicine. , from http://www.springerlink.com/content/t411161231187j2p/fulltext.pdf. 10.3402/qhw.v6i4.8708.
   Google Scholar
• Adinkrah M. Epidemiologic characteristics of suicidal behaviour in contemporary Ghana. Crisis. 2011; 32(1): 31–36.
   Google Scholar
• Ahuvia A. Individualism/collectivism and cultures of happiness: A theoretical conjecture on the relationship between consumption, culture and subjective well-being at the national level. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2002; 3: 23–36.
   Google Scholar
• Aja E. Changing moral values in Africa: An essay in ethical relativism. The Journal of Value Inquiry. 1997; 31: 531–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assimeng M. Social structure of Ghana: A study in persistence and change2nd ed. Ghana Publication Corporation. Tema Ghana, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Bagley C. H. Ramsay R. Attitudes toward suicide, religious values and suicidal behavior. Evidence from a community survey. Suicide and its prevention. The role of attitude and imitation. Diekstra R. F. W, Maris R. Platt S. Schmidtke A. Sonneck G. E. J. Brill. New York, 1989; 78–90.
   Google Scholar
• Bedford O. Hwang K. K. Guilt & shame in Chinese culture: A cross-culturalframework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for theory of Social Behaviour. 2003; 33(2): 127–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt J. R. Green A. R. Carrillo J. E. Ananeh-Frimpong O. Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health an health care. Public Health Reports. 2003; 118: 293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassiman A. Home call: Absence, presence and migration in rural northern Ghana. African Identities. 2010; 8(1): 21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Cervone D. Pervin L. A. Personality theory and research10th ed. Hoboken, Wiley. River StreetUSA, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist. 2004; 59(7): 614–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell J. W. Miller D. L. Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice. 2000; 39(3): 124–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross S. E. Bacon P. L. Morris M. L. The relational- interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Perosnality an Social Psychology. 2000; 78(4): 791–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton J. H. Elias M. J. Wandersman A. Community psychology: Linking individuals and community2nd edn. Wadsworth. CaliforniaUSA, 2006
   Google Scholar
• De Witte M. Long live the dead. Aksant Academic Publishers. Amsterdam, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Eagles J. Carson D. P. Begg A. Naji S. A. Suicide prevention: A study of patients’ views. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 182: 261–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshun S. Acculturation and suicide attitudes: A study of perceptions about suicide among a sample of Ghanaian immigrants in the United States. Psychological Reports. 2006; 99: 295–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando S. Cultural diversity, mental health and psychiatry. The struggle against racism. Brunner-Routledge. New York, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Fischer A. H. Manstead A. S. R. Mosquera P. M. R. The role of honour-related vs. individualistic values in concpetualizing pride, shame, an anger: Spanish and dutch cultural prototypes. Cognition and Emotion. 1999; 13(2): 149–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyekye K. An essay on African philosophical thought. Akan conceptual schemeRev. ed. Temple Univeristy Press. Philadelphia, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Gyekye K. African cultural values. An introduction. Sankofa Publishing Company. Accra Ghana, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Gyekye K. Tradition and modernity. Philosophical reflections on the African experience. Oxford University Press. New York, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Hjelmeland H. Cultural research in suicidology: Challenges and opportunities. Suicidology Online. 2010; 1: 34–52.
   Google Scholar
• Hjelmeland H. Akotia C. S. Owens V. Knizek B. L. Nordvik H. Schroeder R, et al.. Self reported suicidal behaviour and attitudes toward suicide and suicide prevention among psychology students in Ghana, Uganda, and Norway. Crisis. 2008; 29(1): 20–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. ( 2011). What kind of research do we need in suicidology today?. InR.O'Connor, S.Platt & J.Gordon, International handbook of suicide prevention-research, policy & practice. Chichester. (pp 591–608.) UK: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede G. Culture's consequences. Comparing values, behaviours,institutions, and organizations across Nations2nd ed. Sage Publications. London, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Ikuenobe P. Philosophical perspectives on communalism and morality in African traditions. Lexington Books. Lanham, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Johnson R. B. Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education. 1997; 118(2): 282–292.
   Google Scholar
• Knizek B. L. Akotia C. S. Hjelmeland H. A qualitative study of attitudes toward suicide and suicide prevention among psychology students in Ghana. Omega. 2010; 62(2): 169–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane P. A biginners guide to crossing cultures. Making friends in a multicultural World. Intervasity Press. IllinoisUSA, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Laverty S. M. Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International. Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2003; 2(3): 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Leach M. M. Cultural diversity and suicide. Ethnic, religious, gender, and sexual orientation perspectives. The Haworth Press. New York, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Mannarini T. Fedi A. Multiple senses of community: The expression and meaning of community. Journal of Community Psychology. 2009; 37(2): 211–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus H. R. Kitayama S. The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behaviour. Emotion and culture. Kitayama S. Markus H. R. American Psychological Association. Washington, 1994; 89–130.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall M. N. Sampling for qualitaitve research. Family Practice- an international journal. 1996; 13(6): 522–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbiti J. S. African religions and philosophy2nd ed. Heinemann Publishers. JohannesburgSouth Africa, 1989
   Google Scholar
• Mbiti J. S. Introduction to African religionRev. ed. Heineman Educational Publishers. Botswana, 1991
   Google Scholar
• Menkiti, I. ( 1984). Person and community in African traditional thought. , African philosophy: an introduction. Richard A.WrightNew York: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Minamizono, S., Motohashi, Y., Yamaji, M., & Kaneko, Y.(2008). Attitudes towards thosebereaved by a suicide: A population-based, cross-sectional study in rural Japan. BMC Public Health. , 8. Retrieved March 11, 2010 from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/334.
   Google Scholar
• Mosquera P. M. R. Manstead A.S.R. Fischer A. H. The role of honor-Related values in the elicitation, experience, and communication of pride, shame, and anger: Spain and the Netherlands compared. Personality &Socia. Psycholology Bulletin. 2000; 26: 833–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugisha, J., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., & Knizek, B. L. ( 2011). Distancing: A traditional mechanism dealing with suicide among the Banganda in Unganda. Transcultural Psychiatry. 48(5), 1–19. 10.3402/qhw.v6i4.8708.
   Google Scholar
• Nukunya G. K. Tradition and change in Ghana. An introduction to sociology2nd ed. Ghana Universities Press. Accra, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Osafo, J., Hjelmeland, H., Akotia C. S., & Knizek, B. L ( 2011). The meaning(s) of suicidal behaviour to psychology students: A qualitative approach to understanding suicidal behaviour in Ghana. Transcultural Psychiatry. 48(5) 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osafo, J., Knizek, B. L, Akotia C. S, & Hjelmeland, H (2011). Influence of religious factors on attitudes towards suicidal behaviour in Ghana. Journal of Religion and Health. From http://www.springerlink.com/content/t411161231187j2p/fulltext.pdf 10.3402/qhw.v6i4.8708.
   Google Scholar
• Östman M. Kjellin L. Psychological factors in relatives of people with mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 181: 494–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton M. Q. Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research. 1999; 35(5): 1189–1208.
   Google Scholar
• Pompili M. Mancinelli I. Tatareli R. Stigma as a cause of suicide (Letter to the Editor). British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 183(2): 173–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid K. Flowers P. Larkin M. Exploring lived experience. The psychologist. 2005; 8(1): 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Scheff T. J. Shame in self and society. Symbolic interaction. 2003; 26(2): 239–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneidman E. Definition of suicide. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Oxford, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Shweder R. A. Much N. C. Mahapatra M. Park L. The big three of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the big three explanations of suffering. Morality and health. Brandt A. Rozin P. Routledge. New York, 1997; 119–169.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman M. M. The language of suicidology. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour. 2006; 36(5): 519–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J. A. Flowers P. Larkin M. Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Theory, method and research. Sage. Los Angeles, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Smith J. A. Osborn M. Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative psychology. A practical guide to research methods. Smith J. A. Sage. London, 2003; 51–80.
   Google Scholar
• Stake R. E. Situational context as influences on evaluation design and use. Studies in Education and Evaluation. 1990; 16: 231–246.
   Google Scholar
• Steinke I. Quality criteria in qualitative research. A companion to qualitative research. Flick U. Von Kardoff E. Steinke I. Sage. Loss Angeles, 2004; 184–190.
   Google Scholar
• Tang M. Wang Z. Qian M. Gao J. Zhang L. Transferred shame in the cultures of interdependent-self and independent self. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 2008; 8: 163–178.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoef H. Michel C. Studying morality within the African context: A model of moral analysis and contruction. Journal of Moral Education. 1997; 26: 398–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuokila-Oikkonen P. Janhonen S. Nikkonen M. Patient initiatives in psychiatric care concerning shame in the discussion in co-operative team meetings. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2002; 9: 23–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren D. M. The Akan of GhanaRev. ed. Pointed Ltd. Accra, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Warren C. A. B. Pride, shame and stigma in private spaces. Ethnography. 2010; 11(3): 425–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittemore R. Chase S. K. Mandle C. L. Validity in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research. 2001; 11(4): 522–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig C. Introducing qualitative research in psychology. Adventures in theory and method. Analyzing qualitative data in psychology. Lyons E. Coyle A. Sage. London, 2001; 1–14.
   Google Scholar