References
- Arpe, K. 1983. Diagnostic evaluation of analysis and forecasts: climate of the model. ECMWF seminar/ workshop on interpretation of numerical weather prediction products, 13-17 September 1982, Reading, England, 99–140 pp.
- Bengtsson, L., Kanamitsu, M., Kållberg, P. and Uppala, S. 1982. FGGE 4-dimensional data assimilation at ECMWF. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63, 29–43.
- Blackmon, M. L. and Lau, N.-C. 1980. Regional characteristics of the northern hemisphere wintertime circulation: a comparison of the simulation of the GFDL general circulation model with observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 497–514.
- Böttger, H. and Fraedrich, K. 1980. Disturbances in the wavenumber-frequency domain observed along 50° N. Conl. rib. Atmos. Phys. 53, 90–105.
- Charney, J. G. 1947. The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current. J. Meteorol. 4, 135–162.
- Eady, E. T. 1949. Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus 1, No. 3, 33–52.
- Edmon, Jr, H. J. Hoskins, B. J. and McIntyre, M. E. 1980. Eliassen-Palm cross-sections for the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2600–2616.
- Goodman, N. R. 1957. On the joint estimation of the spectra, cospectrum and quadrature spectrum of a two-dimensional stationary Gaussian process. Sci. Pap. No. 10, Engineering Statistics Lab., College of Engineering, New York University.
- Green, J. S. A. 1960. A problem of baroclinic instability. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 237–251.
- Gall, R. 1976. Structural changes of growing baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 374–390.
- Haseler, J. 1982. An investigation of the impact at middle and high latitudes of tropical forecast errors. ECMWF Tech. Rep. No. 31, 42 pp.
- Hartmann, D. L. 1974. Time spectral analysis of mid-latitude disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev. 102, 348–362.
- Hayashi, Y. 1971. A generalized method of resolving disturbances into progressive and retrogressive waves by space Fourier and time cross-spectral analysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 49, 125–128.
- Hayashi, Y. 1974. Spectral analysis of tropical disturbances appearing in a GFDL general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 180–218.
- Hayashi, Y. 1979. A generalized method of resolving transient disturbances into standing and traveling waves by space-time spectral analysis. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1017–1029.
- Hayashi, Y. 1982. Space-time spectral analysis and its applications to atmospheric waves. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 60, 156–171.
- Hayashi, Y. and Golder, D. G. 1977. Space-time spectral analysis of mid-latitude disturbances appearing in a GFDL general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 237–262.
- Hollingsworth, A., Arpe, K., Tiedtke, M., Capaldo, M. and Savijärvi. H. 1980. The performance of a medium-range forecast model in winter-impact of physical parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev. 108, 1736–1773.
- Hollingsworth. A., Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J. 1976. The effect of spherical geometry on momentum transports in simple baroclinic flows. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 102, 901–911.
- Hoskins, B. J. and Heckley, W. A. 1981. Cold and warm fronts in baroclinic waves. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 79–90.
- Julian, P. R. 1975. Comments on the determination of significance levels of the coherence statistic. J. A imos. Sci. 32, 836–837.
- Mechoso, C. R. and Hartmann, D. L. 1982. An observational study of traveling planetary waves in the southern hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1921–1935.
- Pratt, R. W. 1976. The interpretation of space-time spectral quantities. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1060–1066.
- Pratt, R. W. 1977. Space-time kinetic energy spectra in mid-latitudes. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 1054–1057.
- Pratt, R. W. 1979. A space-time spectral comparison of the NCAR and GFDL general circulation models to the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1681–1691.
- Rossby, C. G. 1939. Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centres of action. J. Mar. Res. 2, 38–55.
- Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J. 1976. Baroclinic instability on the sphere: normal modes of the primitive and quasi-geostrophic equations. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1454–1477.
- Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J. 1978. The life cycles of some nonlinear baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 414–432.
- Straus. D. M. and Shukla, J. 1981. Space-time spectral structure of a GLAS general circulation model and a comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 902–917.