References
- Andersson, E. and Hollingsworth, A. 1988. A typhoon bogus observations in the ECMWF data assimilation system. Tech. Memo. No. 148, ECMWF, 25 pp. Available from the European Center for Medium range weather forecast. Shinfield Park, Berkshire, England.
- Businger, J. A., Wyngard, J. C., Izumi, Y. and Bradley, E. F. 1971. Flux profile relationship in the atmosphere surface layer. J. Atmos. ScL 28, 181–189.
- Gairola, R. K. and Krishnamurti, T. N. 1992. Rain rates based on SSM/1, OLR and raingauge data sets. J. MeteoroL Atmos. Phys. 50, 165–174.
- Harshvardan and Corsetti, T. G. 1984. Long-wave parameterization for the UCLAIGLAS GCM. NASA Tech. Memo. 86072, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, 52 pp.
- Holland, G. J. 1984. Tropical cyclone motion: A com-parison of theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 68–75.
- Janowiak, J. E. and Arkin, P. A. 1991. Rainfall variations in the tropics during 1986-89, as estimated from obser-vations of cloud top temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 96, suppl., 3359-3373.
- Joint typhoon Warning Center, Guam, 1987. 1987 Annual tropical cyclone report, 213 pp.
- Kanamitsu, M., Tada, K., Kudo, K., Sato, N. and Isa, S. 1983. Description of the JMA operational spectral model. J. Met. Soc. Japan 61, 812–828.
- Kanamitsu, M. 1975. On numerical prediction over a global tropical belt. Report no. 75-1, Dept. of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, pp. 1–282.
- Kitade, T. 1983. Nonlinear normal mode initialization with physics. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 2194–2213.
- Krishnamurti, T. N., Xue, J., Bedi, H. S., Ingles, K. and Oosterhof, D. 1991. Physical initialization for numeri-cal weather prediction over the tropics. Tellus 43AB, 53–81.
- Krishnamurti, T. N., Low-Nam, S. and Pasch, R. 1983. Cumulus parameterization and rainfall rates II. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 816–828.
- Kuo, H. L. 1965. On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci. 22, 40–63.
- Kuo, H. L. 1974. Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1232–1240.
- Lacis, A. A. and Hansen, J. E. 1974. A parameterization of the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sd. 3, 118–133.
- Louis, J. F. 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorology 17, 187–202.
- Mathur, M. B. 1991. The National Meteorological Center's Quasi-Lagrangian Model for hurricane prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev. 119, 1419–1447.
- Mathur, M. B., Bedi, H. S., Krishnamurti, T. N., Kanamitsu, M. and Woollen, J. S. 1992. Use of satellite derived rainfall for improving tropical forecasts. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 2540–2560.
- Olson, W. S., Fontaine, F. S., Smith, W. L. and Achtor, R. H. 1990. Recommended algorithms for the retrieval of rainfall rates in the tropics using SSMII (DMSP-F8). Manuscript, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 10 pp.
- Parish, D. F. and Derber, J. C. 1992. The National Meteorological Center's Spectral Statistical, Inter-polation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 1747–1763.
- Puri, K. and Miller, M. J. 1990. The use of satellite data in the specification of convective heating for diabatic initialization and moisture adjustment in numerical weather prediction models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 118, 67–93.
- Tiedtke, M. 1984. The sensitivity of the time-mean large-scale flow to cumulus convection in the ECMWF model. Worshop on Convection in large-scale numerical models. ECMWF, 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 1983,297-316.
- Thu, T. V. and Krishnamurti, T. N. 1992. Vortex initialization for typhoon track prediction. J. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 47, 1–10.
- Wallace, J. M., Tibaldi, S. and Simmons, A. J. 1983. Reduction of systematic forecast errors in the ECMWF model through the introduction of envelope orography. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 109, 683–718.
- Yanai, M., Esbensen, S. and Chu, J. H. 1973. Determina-tion of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. ./. Atmos. Sci. 30, 611–627.
- Yap, K. S. 1992. Impact of Newtonian assimilation and physical initialization on the initialization and prediction of a tropical mesoscale model. Report no. 92-2. Depart-ment of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306,230 pp.