118
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The structure and evolution of an explosive cyclone near Iceland

&
Pages 656-670 | Received 09 Sep 1994, Accepted 09 Mar 1995, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

  • Breivik, L. A., Kristjánsson, J. E., Midtbo, K. H., Røsting, B. and Sunde, J. 1992. Simulations of the 1 January 1992 North Atlantic Storm. DNMI Technical Report no. 99, 69 pp. (Available from The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43 Bfindem, N-0313 Oslo, Norway.)
  • Davis, C. A. and Emanuel, K. A. 1991. Potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Re v. 119, 1929–1953.
  • Emanuel, K. A. 1985. Frontal circulations in the presence of small, moist symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sc i. 42, 1061–1071.
  • Gislason, K. 1991. Islands-orkanen den 3. februar 1991. Vejret 13, 3-14, Danish Meteorological Society (in Danish).Gustafsson, N. (ed.) 1993. Hirlam 2 final report. Hirlam Technical Report no. 9, 126 pp. (Available from Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden.)
  • Gyakum, J. R. 1983. On the evolution of the QE II storm (I). Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 1137-1155. Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E. and Robertson, A. W. 1985. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 877–916.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and Berrisford, P. 1988. A potential vorticity perspective of the storm of 15-16 October 1987. Weather 43, 122–129.
  • Kuo, Y.-H. and Reed, R. J. 1988. Numerical simulation of an explosively deepening cyclone in the eastern Pacific. Mon. Wea. Re v. 116, 2081–2105.
  • Norris, J. and Young, M. V. 1991. Satellite photographs, 2 February 1991 at 1533 UTC. Met. Mag. 120, 115–116.
  • Petterssen, S. 1956. Weather analysis and forecasting, 2nd edition, vol. I. Motion and motion systems. McGraw-Hill, 428 pp.
  • Reed, R. J., Simmons, A. J., Albright, M. A. and Undén, P. 1988. The rOle of latent heat release in explosive cyclogenesis: Three examples based on ECMWF operational forecasts. Wea.Forecasting 3, 217–229.
  • Reed, R. J. and Simmons, A. J. 1991. Numerical simulations of an explosively deepening cycloneover the North Atlantic that was unaffected by concurrent surface energy fluxes. Wea. Forecasting 6, 117–122.
  • Reed, R. J., Stoefinga, M. T. and Kuo, Y.-H. 1992. A model-aided study of the origin and evolution of the anomalously high potential vorticity in the inner region of a rapidly deepening marine cyclone. Mon. Wea. Re v. 120, 893–913.
  • Roebber, P. J. 1989. On the statistical analysis of cyclone deepening rates. Mon. Wea. Re v. 117, 2293–2298.
  • Shapiro, M. 1985. Dropwindsonde observations of an Icelandic low and a Greenland mountain-lee wave. Mon. Wea. Re v. 113, 680–683.
  • Shapiro, M. A. and Keyser, D. 1990. Fronts, jet streams and the tropopause.In: Extratropical cyclones. The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume (ed. C. Newton and E. Holopainen), AMS, Boston, 167-191.
  • Shutts, G. J. 1990. A study of successful fine-mesh simulation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 1315–1347.
  • Simmons, A. J. and Burridge, D. M. 1981. An energy and angular momentum conserving vertical finite-difference scheme and hybrid vertical coordinates. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109–766.
  • Stefànsson, U. 1961. Hafid (The Sea). Almenna Bókafélagid, Reykjavík, Iceland, 293 pp. (In Icelandic) Stubbs, M. W. 1975. An unusually large fall of pressure. Weather 30, 91–92.
  • Tryggvason, E. 1960. Rapid pressure variations in Iceland. Mon. Wea. Re v. 88, 256.
  • Uccellini, L. W. 1990. Processes contributing to the rapid development of extratropical cyclones. In: Extratropical cyclones. The Erik Palmeri Memorial Volume (ed. C. Newton and E. Holopainen), AMS, Boston, 81-105.
  • Vautard, R. 1990. Multiple weather regimes over the North Atlantic: Analysis of Precursors andSuccessors. Mon. Wea. Re v. 111, 2056–2081.
  • Wallace, J. M. and Hobbs, P. V. 1977. Atmospheric Science. An introductory survey. Academic Press, 467 pp.