134
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

North Atlantic ultra high frequency variability

, , &
Pages 671-696 | Received 08 Sep 1994, Accepted 24 Feb 1995, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

  • Beugin, R. and Rochard, M. 1991. L’hiver 1989-1990: les tempetes et quelques autres phénomènes. Technical report, Meteo-France, SCEM, Prévision générale et aéronautique. 184 pp.
  • Bishop, C. H. 1994. Domain independent attribution and its value in the verification of dynamical theories of frontal waves and frontogenesis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 120, in press.
  • Bishop, C. H. and Thorpe, A. J. 1994. Frontal wave stability during moist deformation frontogenesis. Part II: the suppression of nonlinear wave development. J. Atmos. Sc i. 51, 874–888.
  • Bjerknes, V., Bjerknes, J., Solberg, H. and Bergeron, T. 1934. Hydrodynamique physique, vol. 3. Pres. Univ. de France (Paris).
  • Blackmon, M. L., Lee, Y. H. and Wallace, J. M. 1984a. Horizontal structure of 500 mb heightfluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales. J. Atmos. Sc i. 41, 961–979.
  • Blackmon, M. L., Lee, Y. H., Wallace, J. M. and Hsu, H. H. 1984b. Time variations of 500 mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales as deduced from lag-correlation statistics. J. Atmos. Sc i. 41, 981–991.
  • Browning, K. A. and Harrold, T. W. 1969. Air motion and precipitation growth in a wave depression. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 95, 288–309.
  • Browning, K. A. and Roberts, N. 1994. Structure of a frontal cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.Soc. 120, in press.
  • Businger, S. 1985. The synoptic climatology of polar low outbreaks. Tellus 37A, 419–432.
  • Chapman, S. and Lindzen, R. 1970. Atmospheric tides. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland. 209 pp.
  • Chamey, J. G. and De Vore, J. G. 1979. Multiple flow equilibria in the atmosphere and blocking. .1. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1205–1216.
  • Cheng, X. and Wallace, J. M. 1993. Cluster analysis of the northern hemisphere wintertime 500-hpa height field: Spatial patterns. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 2674-2696.
  • Eady, E. T. 1949. Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus 1, 33–52.
  • Edmon, H. J., Hoskins, B. J. and McIntyre, M. E. 1980. Eliassen-palm cross sections for the troposphere. J. Atmos. Sc i. 37, 2600–2616.
  • Emanuel, K. A., Fantini, M. and Thorpe, A. J. 1987. Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection. Part I: two-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sc i. 44, 1559–1573.
  • Fantini, M. and Buzzi, A. 1994. Short baroclinic waves of small amplitude in a moist environment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 120, 1069–1084.
  • Farrell, B. F. 1984. Modal and non-modal baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 41, 668–673.
  • Farrell, B. F. 1989a. Optimal excitation of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 46,1193–1206.
  • Farrell, B. F. 1989b. Transient development in confluent and diffluent flows. J. Atmos. Sc i. 46, 3279–3288.
  • Farrell, B. F. and loannou, P. J. 1993. Stochastic dynamics of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 4044–4057.
  • Hartigan, J. A. and Wong, M. A. 1979. A K-means clustering algorithm. Applied Statistics 28, 100–108.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and Berrisford, P. 1988. A potential vorticity perspective of the storm of 15-16 october 1987. Weather (special issue), 122-129.
  • Hoskins, B. J., James, I. N. and White, G. H. 1983. The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large scale weather systems. J. Atmos. Sc i. 40, 1595–1612.
  • Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E. and Robertson, A. W. 1985. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 111, 877–946.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and West, N. V. 1979. Baroclinic waves and frontogenesis. Part II: Uniform potential vorticity jet flows-cold and warm fronts. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1663–1680.
  • Jarraud, M., Goas, J. and Deyts, C. 1989. Prediction of an exceptional storm over France and southern England (15-16 october 1987). Wea. Forecasting 4, 517–536.
  • Joly, A. 1995. The stability of steady fronts and the adjoint method: non-modal frontal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
  • Joly, A. and Thorpe, A. J. 1990. Frontal instability generated by tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 116, 525–560.
  • Joly, A. and Thorpe, A. J. 1991. The stability of time-dependent flows: An application to fronts in developing baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 48, 163–182.
  • Kelly, G., Rabier, F., Pailleux, J., Thepaut, J.-N., Heming, J. T., Radford, A. M. and Kaestner, A. 1993. Some impact studies carried out with various observing systems. WMO/TD 594, Composite Observing System for the North Atlantic Scientific Evaluation Group.Lalaurette, F., Fischer, C. and Cammas, J. P. 1994. Location and interaction of upper- and lower-tropo-sphere adiabatic frontogenesis. Mon. Wea. Re v. 122, 2004–2021.
  • Legras, B., Desponts, T. and Piguet, B. 1987. Cluster analysis and weather regimes.In: Thenature and prediction of extra-tropical weather systems (vol. II). ECMWF Seminar Proceedings, ECMWF, Reading, UK, 123-149.
  • Malardel, S., Joly, A., Courbet, F. and Courtier, P. 1993. Nonlinear evolution of ordinary frontal waves induced by low-level potential vorticity anomalies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 119, 681–713.
  • Miller, J. E. 1948. On the concept of frontogenesis. J. Meteor. 5, 169–171.
  • Moore, G. W. K. and Peltier, W. R. 1987. Cyclogenesis in frontal zones. J. Atmos. Sc i. 44, 384–409.
  • Mudrick, S. E. 1974. A numerical study of frontogenesis. J. Atmos. Sc i. 31, 869–892.
  • Petterssen, S. and Smebye, S. J. 1971. On the development of extratropical cyclones. Quart.J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 97, 457–482.
  • Robertson, A. W. and Metz, W. 1990. Transienteddy feedbacks derived from linear theory and observations. J. Atmos. Sc i. 47, 2743–2764.
  • Schär, C. and Davies, H. C. 1990. An instability of mature cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sc i. 47 929–950.
  • Shaw, D., Lönnberg, P., Hollingsworth, A. and Uncial, P. 1987. Data assimilation: the 1984/1985 revisions of the ECMWF mass and wind analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 113, 533–566.
  • Simmons, A. J., Wallace, J. M. and Branstator, G. W. 1983. Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sc i. 40, 1363–1392.
  • Smimov, N. V. 1939. Estimate of deviation between empirical distribution functions in two independent samples. Bull. of Moscow Uni v. 2, 3–16.
  • Sutcliffe, R. C. 1947. A contribution to the problem of development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.Soc. 73, 370–383.
  • Thomcroft, C. D. and Hoskins, B. J. 1990. Frontal cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sc i. 47, 2317–2336.
  • Vautard, R. 1990. Multiple weather regimes over the north atlantic: Analysis of precursors and successors. Mon. Wea. Rev. 118, 2056–2081.
  • Vautard, R. and Legras, B. 1988. On the source of midlatitude low-frequency variability. Part II: Non-linear equilibration of weather regimes. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 2845–2867.
  • Vautard, R., Legras, B. and Déqué, B. 1988. On the source of midlatitude low-frequency variability. Part I: A statistical approach to persistance. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 2811–2843.
  • Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S. 1981. Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Re v. 109, 784–812.
  • Wallace, J. M., Lim, G. H. and Blackmon, M. L. 1988. Relationship between cyclone tracks, anticyclone tracks and baroclinic waveguides. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 439–462.
  • Whitaker, J. S. and Barcilon, A. 1992. Genesis of mobile troughs in upper westerlies. J. Atmos. Scl 49, 2097–2107.