An investigation of water and energy budgets for the BALTEX region based on short-range numerical weather predictions

References

• Alestalo, M. 1981. The energy budget of the earth-atmosphere system in Europe. Tellus 33,360–371.
   Google Scholar
• Alestalo, M. 1983. The atmospheric water vapour budget over Europe. In: A. Street-Perrott et al. (eds.): Variations in the global water budget. D. Reidel, 67–79.
   Google Scholar
• Behr, H. D. and Speth, P. 1977. An investigation of the atmospheric heat and moisture balance in the Baltic Sea region. Part II. Heat balance. Meteorol. Rdsch. 30, 97–111.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, G. S. and Estoque, M. A. 1954. Water-vapor transfer over the North American Continent. J. Meteorol. 11, 462–477.
   Google Scholar
• Bergström, S. and Carlsson, B. 1993. Hydrology of the Baltic Basin. Inflow of fresh water from rivers and land for the period 1950-1990. SMHI Reports Hydrology, no. 7.
   Google Scholar
• Brogmus, W. 1952. Eine Revision des Wasserhaushaltes der Ostsee. Kieler Meeresforschung 9, 15–42.
   Google Scholar
• Budyko, M. I. 1974. Climate and Life.International Geophysics Series 18, Academic Press, 508 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bunker, A. F. and Worthington, L. V. 1976. Energy exchange charts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 57, 670–678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cress, A., Majewski, D., Podzun, R. and Renner, V. 1995. Simulation of European climate with a limited area model. Part I: observed boundary conditions. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph. 68, 161–178.
   Google Scholar
• Delworth, Th. and Manabe, S. 1989. The influence of soil wetness on near-surface atmospheric variability. J. of Climate 2, 1447–1462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortelius, C. 1991 Inferring the diabatic heat and moisture forcing of the atmosphere from assimilated data. J. of Climate 8, 224–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortelius, C. and Holopainen, E. 1990. Comparison of energy source estimates derived from atmospheric circulation data with satellite measurements of net radiation. J. of Climate 3,646–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garratt, J. R., Krummel P. B. and Kowalczyk, E. A. 1993. The surface energy balance at local and regional scales-a comparison of general circulation model results with observations. J. of Climate 6, 1090–1109.
   Google Scholar
• Hankimo, J. 1964. Some computations of the energy exchange between the sea and the atmosphere in the Baltic area. Finnish Meteorological Office Contributions no. 57.
   Google Scholar
• HELCOM, 1986. Water balance of the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings no. 16. Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission -Helsinki Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Henning, D. 1988. Evaporation, water and heat balance of the Baltic Sea. Estimates of short-and long-term monthly totals. Meteorol. Rdsch. 41, 33–53.
   Google Scholar
• Henning, D. 1989. Atlas of the surface heat balance of the continents. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 402 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Holopainen, E. 1996. Diagnostic studies on atmospheric budgets of water and energy based on aerological data. Tellus, this issue.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiung, J. 1986. Mean surface energy fluxes over the global ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 91, C9,10585–10606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IHP/OHP, 1985. Wasser-und Materialbilanz der Ostsee. Deutsches IHP/OHP-Nationalkomitee. IHP/OHP-Berichte Heft 6, Koblenz, available from: Bundesan-stalt für Gewasserkunde, D-56003 Koblenz.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, I. and Heise, E, 1982. A new economic method for the computation of the surface temperature in numerical models. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph. 55, 128–141.
   Google Scholar
• Kyle, H. L., Mecherikunnel, A., Ardanuy, Ph., Penn, L., Groveman, B., Campbell, G. G. and Yonder Haar, T. H. 1990. A comparison of two major earth radiation budget data sets. J. Geophys. Res. 95, D7,9951–9970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J. 1990. Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol. 10, 111–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, J.-F. 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 17, 187–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahfouf, J.-F. 1991. Analysis of soil moisture from near-surface parameters: A feasibility study. J. Appl. Meteorol. 30, 1534–1547.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation. (I). The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth’s surface. Mon. Wea. Rev. 97, 739–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T. 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1791–1806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmén, E. and Soderman, D. 1966. Computation of the evaporation from the Baltic Sea from the flux of water vapor in the atmosphere. GEOPHYSICA 9, 261–279.
   Google Scholar
• Raschke, E. ( ed.) 1994. BALTEX. Scientific plan for the Baltic Sea experiment, 2nd edition. GKSS Research Centre, Geesthacht, 52 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rind, D. 1982. The influence of ground moisture conditions in North America on summer climate as modeled in the GISS GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 1487–1494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter, B. and Geleyn, J.-F. 1992. A comprehensive radiation scheme for numerical weather prediction models with potential applications in climate simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120, 303–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson, M. and Stigebrandt, A. 1996. Main characteristics of the long-term sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Tellus, this issue.
   Google Scholar
• Savijärvi, H. I. 1988. Global energy and moisture budgets from rawinsonde data. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 417–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky, J., Manabe S. and Holloway, J. L.Jr. 1965. Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 727–768.
   Google Scholar
• Spethmann, H. 1912. Der Wasserhaushalt der Ostsee. Zeitschr. Ges. Erdk. zu Berlin, 738–754.
   Google Scholar
• Stigebrandt, A. 1983. A model for the exchange of water and salt between the Baltic and the Skagerrak. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 13,411–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigebrandt, A. 1995. The large-scale vertical circulation of the Baltic Sea. In: Conference Proceedings First study Conference on BALTEX, Visby, Sweden, 28 August-1 September, 1995 (A. Omstedt, ed., International BALTEX Secretariat, Publication no. 3, August 1995, 28–47.
   Google Scholar
• Tiedtke, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 1779–1800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viterbo, P. and Illari, L. 1994. The impact of changes in the runoff formulation of a general circulation model on the near-surface parameters. J. Hydrology 155, 325–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar