138
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Upstream development in idealized baroclinic wave experiments

, &
Pages 574-587 | Received 07 Oct 1998, Accepted 21 Jun 1999, Published online: 27 Jan 2017

References

  • Bishop, C. H. and Thorpe, A. J. 1994. Potential vorticity and the electrostatics analogy: quasi-geostrophic theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 120, 713–731.
  • Bjerknes, J. and Solberg, H. 1922. Life cycles of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ. 3, 3–18.
  • Davies, H. C. 1976. A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 102, 405–418.
  • Davies, H. C. 1994. Theories of frontogenesis. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Life cycles of extratropical cyclones, vol. I, pp. 182–192, Eds. S. Gronäs and M. A. Shapiro, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway.
  • Davies, H. C. 1997. Emergence of the mainstream cyclogenesis theories. Meteorol. Zeitschrift N. F. 6,261–274.
  • Davies, H. C. and Bishop, C. H. 1994. Eady edge waves and rapid development. J. Atmos. Sc i. 51, 1930–1946.
  • Davies, H. C., Schär, C. and Wernli, H. 1991. The palette of fronts and cyclones within a baroclinic wave development. J. Atmos. Sc i. 48, 1666–1689.
  • Fehlmann, R. 1997. Dynamics of seminal PV elements. PhD thesis, Dissertation nr. 12229. ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 143 pp.
  • Hoskins, B. J. and West, N. V. 1979. Baroclinic waves and frontogenesis. Part II: Uniform potential vorticity jet flows. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1663–1680.
  • Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E. and Robertson, A. W. 1985. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 111, 877–946.
  • Majewski, D. 1991. The Europa-Modell of the Deutscher Wetterdienst. In: Numerical methods in atmospheric models, vol. II, pp. 167–191. ECMWF, Reading UK.
  • Muller, J. C., Davies, H. C. and Schär, C. 1989. An unsung mechanism for frontogenesis and cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sc i. 46, 3664–3672.
  • Orlanski, I. and Chang, E. K. M. 1993. Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes in downstream and upstream development of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 212–225.
  • Parker, D. J. 1998. Secondary frontal waves in the North Atlantic region. A dynamical perspective of current ideas. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 124, 829–856.
  • Petterssen, S. and Smebye, S. J. 1971. On the development of extratropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 97, 457–482.
  • Schmidli, J. 1997. The effect of barotropic shear on cyclones, fronts and tropopause structures - numerical simulations with a primitive equation model. Diploma thesis. Atmospheric Physics ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, 85 pp.
  • Schultz, D. M., Keyser, D. and Bosart, L. F. 1998. The effect of large-scale flow on low-level frontal structure and evolution in midlatitude cyclones. Mon. Wea. Re v. 126, 1767–1791.
  • Shapiro, M. A. and Keyser, D. 1990. Fronts, jet streams and the tropopause. In: Extratropical cyclones. The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, pp. 167–191, Eds. C. Newton and E. O. Holopainen. Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, USA.
  • Shapiro, M. A., Wernli, H., Bao, J.-W., Methven, J., Zou, X., Neiman, P. J., Donall-Grell, E., Doyle, J. D. and Holt, T. 1998. A planetary-scale to mesoscale perspective of the life cycles of extratropical cyclones: The bridge between theory and observations. In: The life cycles of extratropical cyclones, pp. 139–185, Eds. S. Gronds and M. A. Shapiro. Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, USA.
  • Simmons, A. J. 1994. Numerical simulations of cyclone life cycles. In: Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Life cycles of extratropical cyclones, vol. I, pp. 149–160, Eds. S. Gronds and M. A. Shapiro1, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway.
  • Simmons, A. J. and Hoskins, B. J. 1979. The downstream and upstream development of unstable baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1239–1254.
  • Thorncroft, C. D. and Hoskins, B. J. 1990. Frontal cyclo-genesis J. Atmos. Sc i. 47, 2317–2336.
  • Thorncroft, C. D., Hoskins, B. J. and McIntyre, M. E. 1993. Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life-cycle behaviour. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 119, 17–56.
  • Wernli, H., Fehlmann, R. and Ltithi, D. 1998. The effect of barotropic shear on upper-level induced cyclogenesis: semigeostrophic and primitive equation numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sc i. 55, 2080–2094.