Relaxation of soil variables in a regional climate model

References

• Chen, T. H., Henderson-Sellers, A., Milly, P. C. D., Pitman, A. J., Beljaars, A. C. M, Polcher, J., Abramo-poulos, F., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C. E., Dickinson, R. E., Dfimenil, L., Ek, M, Garratt, J. R., Gedney, N., Gusev, Y. M., Kim, J., Koster, R., Kowalczyk, E. A., Laval, K., Lean, J., Lettenmaier, D., Liang, X., Mahfouf, J.-F., Mengelkamp, H.-T., Mitchell, K., Nasonova, O. N., Niolhan, J., Robock, A., Rosenzweig, C., Schaake, J., Schlosser, C. A., Schulz, J.-P., Shao, Y., Shmakin, A. B., Verseghy, D. L., Wetzel, P., Wood, E. F., Xue, Y., Yang, Z.-L. and Zeng, Q. 1997. Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization schemes. J. Climate 10, 1194-1215.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, J. H., Christensen, O. B., Lopez, P. van Meijgaard, E. and Botzet, M. 1996. The HIRHAM4 regional atmospheric climate model. Scientific Report 96-4, Danish Meteorological Institute; Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, J. H., Machenhauer, B., Jones, R. G., Schär, C., Ruti, P. M., Castro, M. and Visconti, G. 1997. Validation of present-day regional climate simulations over Europe: LAM simulations with observed boundary conditions. Clim. Dyn. 13, 489–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., Machenhauer, B. and Botzet, M. 1998. Very-high-resolution regional climate simulations over Scandinavia. Present climate. J. Climate 11, 3204–3229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claussen, M., Lohmann, U., Roeckner, E. and Schulzweida, U. 1994. A global data set of land-surface parameters. MPI Report 135, Max-Planck Institut ffir Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• DÓmenil, L. and Todini, E. 1988. A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. In: Advances in theoretical hydrology, vol. 1 of EGS Series of Hydrological sciences (ed. O’Kane, P.), pp. 129–157. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Giorgi, F. 1990. Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Climate 3, 941–963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, F., Marinucci, M. R., Bates, G. and de Canio, G. 1993. Development of a second-generation regional climate mdoel (RegCM2), part ii: convective processes and assimilation of lateral boundary conditions. Mon. Wea. Re v. 121, 2814–2832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, J., Russell, G., Lacis, A., Fung, I., Rind, D and Stone, P. 1985. Climate response times: dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixing. Science 229, 857–859.
   Google Scholar
• Hasselmann, K., Sausen, R., Maier-Reimer, E. and Voss, R. 1993. On the cold start problem in transient simulations with coupled atmosphere—ocean models. Clim. Dyn. 9, 53–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Källberg, P. and Gibson, R. 1977. Lateral boundary conditions for a limited area version of the ECMWF model. Progress Report 14, WGNE.
   Google Scholar
• Källén, E. (ed.) 1996. HIRLAM Documentation Manual, System 2.5. The Swedish Meteorological and Hydro-logical Institute. Available from SMHI, S-60176, Norrkoping, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Mahfouf, J.-F. 1991. Analysis of soil moisture from near/surface parameters: a feasibility study. J. App. Met. 30, 1534–1547.
   Google Scholar
• Mesinger, F. and Arakawa, A. (eds.) 1976. Numerical methods used in atmospheric models, vol. 1, No. 17 in GARP publication series. WMO.
   Google Scholar
• Noguer, M., Jones, R. G. and Murphy, J. M. 1998. Sources of systematic errors in the climatology of a regional climate model over Europe. Clim. Dyn. 14, 691–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordeng, T. E. 1994. Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Report 206, ECMWF, Reading, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, J. S., Watts, J. A. and Allison, L. J. 1983. Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. ORNL-5862, Oak Ridge Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Polcher, J. (ed.) 1999. Final report of the EU project ENV4-CT95-0112: Land-surface processes and climate response. Available from Jan Polcher, Laboratoire de
   Google Scholar
• Météorologie Dynamique du CNRS, Tour 25, 5eme étage, Case 99, 4 pl. Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Brinkop, L., Diimenil, L., Esch, M., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., Ponater, M., Rockel, B., Sausen, R., Schlese, U., Schubert, S. and Windelband, M. 1992. Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECH AM model: impact of model physics and resolution. Report 97, Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dilmenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese,U and Schulzweida, U. 1996. The atmospheric general circulation model ECH AM-4: model description and simulation of present-day climate. Report 218. Max-Planck-Institut fÓr Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Sundqvist, H. 1988. Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds for weather prediction and general circulation simulations. In: Physically-based modeling and simulation of climate and climate change (ed. Schlesinger, M. E.), pp. 433–461. Reidel.
   Google Scholar
• Tiedtke, M. 1989. A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Re v. 117, 1779–1800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar