An intercomparison between low-frequency variability indices

References

• Anderson, J. L. 1995. A simulation of atmospheric blocking with a forced barotropic model. J. Atmos. Sc i. 52, 2593–2608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J. F. 1980. The blocking of middle latitude westerly winds by planetary waves. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 327–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnston, A. G. and Livezey, R. E. 1987. Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmo-spheric circulation patterns. Mon. Weather Re v. 115, 1083–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur, F. 1951. Extended range weather forecasting. In: Compendium of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, 814–833.
   Google Scholar
• Benzi, R., Malguzzi, P., Speranza, A. and Sutera, A. 1986. The statistical proprieties of general atmospheric cir-culation: Observational evidence and minimal theory of bimodality. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 112, 661–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzi, R., Iarlori, S., Lippolis, G. and Sutera, A. 1988. Steady non-linear response of a barotropic quasi-uni-dimensional model to complex topography. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 3313–3319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstator, G. and Opsteegh, J.D. 1989. Free solutions of the barotropic vorticity equation. J. Atmos. Sc i. 46, 1799–1814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charney, J. G. and De Yore, J. G. 1979. Multiple flow equilibria in the atmosphere and blocking. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1205–1216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, X. and Wallace, J. M. 1993. Cluster analysis on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime 500-hPa height field: Spatial patterns. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 2674–2695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corti, S., Giannini, A., Tibaldi, S. and Molteni, F. 1997. Patterns of low-frequency variability in a three-level quasi-geostrophic model. Clim. Dyn. 13, 883–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corti, S., Molteni, F., and Palmer T. N., 1999. Signature of recent climate change in frequencies of natural atmospheric circulation regimes. Nature, 398, 799–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole, R. M. 1978. The objective representation of blocking patterns. In The general circulation: theory, modelling and observations. Notes from a Colloquium, Summer, 1978. NCAR/CQ-6 + 1978-ASP, 406-426.
   Google Scholar
• Dole, R. M. 1986. Persistent anomalies of the extratropical northern hemisphere wintertime circulation: struc-ture. Mon. Weather Re v. 114, 178–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole, R. M. and Gordon, N. D. 1983. Persistent anomalies of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation. Geographical distribution and regional persistence characteristics. Mon. Weather Re v. 106, 746–751.
   Google Scholar
• Duane, G. S. 1997. Synchronised chaos in extended systems and meteorological teleconnections. Phys. Rev. E 56, 6475–6493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J. S. A. 1977. The weather during July 1977: some dynamical considerations of the drought. Weather 32, 120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, K. and Hannachi A. 1995. Weather regimes in the Pacific from a GCM. J. Atmos. Sc i. 52, 2444–2462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. R. 1988. Further observational characteristics of bimodal planetary waves: Mean structure and tran-sitions. Mon. Weather Re v. 116, 386–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. R. and Sutera, A. 1986. On the probability density distribution of large-scale atmospheric wave amplitude. J. Atmos. Sc i. 43, 3250–3265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. R. and Sutera, A. 1993. A comparison between planetary-wave flow regimes and blocking. Tellus 45A, 281–288.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. R. and Sutera, A. 1995. The probability density distribution of the planetary-scale atmospheric wave amplitude revisited. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2463-2471. Hurrel, J. W. 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperature and precipitation. Science 269, 676–679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurrel, J. W. 1996. Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 665–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurrel, J. W. and Van Loon, H. 1997. Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic oscilla-tion. In: Climate change. Proc. Int. Workshop on Climatic change at high elevation sites, Wengen, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Kimoto, M. and Ghil, M. 1993. Multiple flow regimes in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Part I: Methodology and hemispheric regimes. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 2645–2673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legras, B. and Ghil, M. 1985. Persistent anomalies, blocking and variations in atmospheric predictability. J. Atmos. Sc i. 42, 433–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejenas, H. and Okland, H. 1983. Characteristic of northern hemisphere blocking as determinated from a long time series of observational data. Tellus 35A, 350-362. Lejends, H. 1995. Long term variations of atmospheric blocking in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Met. Soc. Japan 73, 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Q. 1994. On the definition and persistence of blocking. Tellus 46A, 286–298.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Q. and Opsteegh, T. 1995. Interannual and decadal variations of blocking activity in a quasi-geostrophic model. Tellus 47A, 941–954.
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz E. N. 1963. Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sc i. 20, 130–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malguzzi, P. 1993. An analytical study on the feedback between large-and small-scale eddies. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 1429–1436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, J. and Molteni, F. 1993. Toward a dynamical understanding of planetary-scale flow regimes. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 1792–1818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelangeli, P.-A., Vautard, R. and Legras, B. 1995. Weather regimes: recurrence and quasi-stationarity. J. Atmos. Sc i. 52, 1237–1256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo, K.-C. and Ghil, M. 1988. Cluster analysis of multiple planetary flow regimes. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 10927–10952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molteni, F., Sutera, A. and Tronci, N. 1988. E0Fs of the geopotential eddies at 500 mb in winter and their probability density distributions. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 3063–3080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molteni, F., Tibaldi, S. and Palmer, T. N. 1990. Regimes in the winter-time circulation over northern extratrop-ics. I: Observational evidence. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 31–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namias, J. 1950. The index cycle and its role in the general circulation. J. Meteor. 7,130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, T. N. 1999. A nonlinear dynamical perspective on climate prediction. J. of Clim. 12, 575–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrehumbert, R. T. and Malguzzi, P. 1984. Forced coherent structures and local multiple equilibria in a barotropic atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sc i. 41, 246–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhold, B. and Pierrehumbert, R. T. 1982. Dynamics of weather regimes: quasistationary waves and blocking. Mon. Weather Re v. 110, 1105–1145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick J. A. and Wallace J. M. 1996. Relationships between North Pacific Wintertime Blocking, El Nifio, and the PNA pattern. Mon. Weather Re v. 124, 2071–2075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rex, D. F. 1950a. Blocking action in the middle troposphere and its effect on regional climate. (I) An aerological study of blocking action. Tellus 2,196–211.
   Google Scholar
• Rex, D. F. 1950b. Blocking action in the middle troposphere and its effect on regional climate. (II) The climatology of blocking action. Tellus 2,275–301.
   Google Scholar
• Rossby, C.-G. et al. 1939. Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation in the atmosphere and the displacement of the semi-permanent centers of action. J. Mar. Res. 2,38–55.
   Google Scholar
• Shutts, G. J. 1983. The propagation of eddies in diffluent jetstreams: eddy forcing of blocking flow fields. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 109, 737–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, B. W. 1986. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Chapman and Hall, 175 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sutera, A. 1986. Probability density distribution of large scale atmospheric flow. Adv. Geophys. 29, 319–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibaldi S. and Molteni, F. 1990. On the operational predictability of blocking. Tellus 42A, 343–365.
   Google Scholar
• Toth, Z. 1992. Quasi-stationary and transient periods in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Re v. 119, 1602–1611.
   Google Scholar
• Tung, K. K. and Lindzen, R. S. 1979. A theory of stationary long waves. Part I: A simple theory of blocking. Mon. Weather Re v. 107, 714–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vautard, R. 1990. Multiple weather regimes over the North Atlantic. Analysis of precursor and successors. Mon. Weather Re v. 118, 2056–2081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vautard, R. and Legras, B. 1988. On the source of low-frequency variability. Part II: Nonlinear equilibration of weather regimes. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 2845–2867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. M. 1996. Observed climatic variability: Spatial structure. In: Decadal climate variability - dynamics and predictability (eds. D. L. T. Anderson and J. Willebrand). NATO ASI series, Vol. 44. Springer, 31–82.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S. 1981. Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Re v. 109, 784–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, J. M., Zhang Y. And Bajuk L. 1995. Interpretation of interdecadal trends in Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature. J. of Clim. 9, 249-259.
   Google Scholar
• Wiin-Nielsen, A. 1979. Steady states and stability proprieties of a low-order barotropic system with forcing and dissipation. Tellus 31, 375–386.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, S. and Reinhold, B. 1991. How does low-frequency variance vary? Mon. Weather Re v. 119, 119–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorita, E. and Frankignoul, C. 1997. Modes of North Atlantic decadal variability in the ECHAM1/LSG coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. of Clim. 10, 183–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar