313
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The response of atmospheric heat transport to zonally-averaged SST trends

&
Pages 815-832 | Received 14 Sep 1998, Accepted 11 Feb 1999, Published online: 27 Jan 2017

References

  • Broecker, W. S., D. M. Peteet and D. Rind, 1985. Does the ocean—atmosphere have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature 315, 21–26.
  • Bryan, F. 1986. High latitude salinity effects and inter-hemispheric circulations. Nature 323,21–25.
  • Budyko, M. I. 1969. The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth. Tellus 21, 611–619.
  • Carissimo, B. C., A. H. Oort and T. H. VonderHaar, 1985.
  • Estimating the meridional energy tranports in the atmosphere and ocean. J. Phys. Ocean. 15, 82–91.
  • Green, J. S. A. 1970. Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmo-sphere. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 96, 157–185.
  • IPCC, 1996. Climate change 1995: The science of climate change. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell (eds). Cambridge University Press, 572 pp.
  • Kasahara, A. 1974. Various coordinate systems used for numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Re v. 102, 509–522.
  • Kerr, R. A. 1995. Climate modeling’s fudge factor comes under fire. Science 265, 1528.
  • Keith, D. W. 1995. Meridional energy transport. uncertainty in zonal means. Tellus 47A, 30–44.
  • Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, B. P. Briegleb, D. J. Williamson and P. J. Rasch, 1996. Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). NCAR Technical Note, September 1996, 152 pp.
  • Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson and P. J. Rasch, 1998a. The National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model: CCM3. J. Climate 11, 1131–1149.
  • Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack and J. W. Hurrell, 1998b. The energy budget of the NCAR community climate model: CCM3. J. Climate 11, 1151–1178.
  • Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney and J. C. McWilliams, 1997. Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2418–2447.
  • Lorenz, E. N. 1979. Forced and free variations of weather and climate. J. Atmos. Sc i. 36, 1367–1376.
  • Manabe, S. and K. Bryan, 1985. CO2-induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its paleo-climatic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 11689–11707.
  • Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1988. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate 1, 841–866.
  • North, G. R. 1975. Theory of energy-balance models. J. Atmos. Sc i. 32, 2033–2043.
  • Press, W. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling, 1989. Numerical recipes, the art of scientific computing. Cambridge University Press, 818 pp.
  • Rahmstorf, S. and J. Willebrand, 1995. The role of tem-perature feedback in stabilizing the thermohaline cir-culation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 787–805.
  • Ramanathan, V. and W. Collins, 1991. Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of 1987 El Nino. Nature 351, 27–32.
  • Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl and L. Shi, 1995. Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: a missing physics? Science 267, 499–503.
  • Rayner, N. A., Folland, C. K., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B. 1995. A new global sea-ice and sea surface tem-perature (GISST) data set for 1903-1994 for forcing climate models. Hadley Centre Internal Note No. 69, 9 pp. ( Available from the Hadley Centre, Meteoro-logical Office, Bracknell, UK).
  • Saravanan, R. and J. C. McWilliams, 1995. Multiple equilibria, natural variability, and climate transitions in an idealized ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate 8, 2296–2323.
  • Stommel, H. 1961. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 13, 224–230.
  • Stone, P. H. 1978. Constraints on dynamical transports of energy on a spherical planet. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 2, 123–139.
  • Stone, P. H. and L. Branscombe, 1992. Diabatically forced near inviscid eddy regimes. J. Atmos. Sc i. 49, 355–367.
  • Stone, P. H. and D. A. Miller, 1980. Empirical relations between seasonal changes in meridional temperature gradients and meridional fluxes of heat. J. Atmos. Sc i. 37, 1708–1721.
  • Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1994. The global heat balance, heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean. Clim. Dyn. 10, 107–134.
  • Zhang, Y-C. and W. B. Rossow, 1997. Estimating meridional energy transports by the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations using boundary fluxes. J. Climate 10, 2358–2373.
  • Zhou, S. and P. H. Stone, 1993a. The role of large-scale eddies in the climate equilibrium. Part I: Fixed static stability. J. Climate 6, 985–1001.
  • Zhou, S. and P. H. Stone, 1993b. The role of large-scale eddies in the climate equilibrium. Part II: Variable static stability. J. Climate 6, 1871–1881.