References
- Becker, E., Schmitz, G. and Geprägs, R. 1997. The feed-back of midlatitude waves onto the Hadley cell in a simple general circulation model. Tellus 49A, 182–199.
- Dunkerton, T. J. 1989. Nonlinear Hadley circulation driven by asymmetric differential heating. J. Atmos. Sc i. 46, 956–974.
- Edmon, Jr., H. J., Hoskins, B. J. and McIntyre, M. E. 1980. Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the tropo-sphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2600–2616.
- Held, I. M. and Hou, A. Y. 1980. Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sc i. 37, 515–533.
- Holton, J. R. 1990. On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sc i. 47, 392–395.
- Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B. and Pfister, L. 1995. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Rev. Geophys. 33, 403–439.
- Holtslag, A. A. M. and Boville, B. A. 1993. Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Climate 6, 1825–1842.
- Hou, A. Y. 1993. The influence of tropical heating dis-placements on the extratropical climate. J. Atmos. Sc i. 50, 3553–3570.
- Hou, A. Y. 1998. Hadley circulation as a modulator of the extratropical climate. J. Atmos. Sc i. 55, 2437–2457.
- Hou, A. Y. and Lindzen, R. S. 1992. The influence of concentrated heating on the Hadley circulation. J. Atmos. Sc i. 49, 1233–1241.
- Lindzen, R. S and Hou, A. Y. 1998. Hadley circulations for zonally averaged heating centered off the equator. J. Atmos. Sc i. 45, 2416–2427.
- Matsuno, B. 1982. A quasi-one-dimensional model of the middle atmosphere circulation interacting with internal gravity waves. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 60, 215–226.
- Rosenlof, K. H. 1995. Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5173–5191.
- Rosenlof, K. H. and Holton, J. R. 1993. Estimates of the stratospheric residual circulation using the downward control principle. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10465-10479. Schneider, E. K. 1977. Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part II. Nonlinear calculations. J. Atmos. Sc i. 34, 280–296.
- Shine, K. P. 1987. The middle atmosphere in the absence of dynamical heat fluxes. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc. 113, 603–633.
- Webster, P. J. and Chang, H.-R. 1997. Atmospheric wave propagation in heterogeneous flow: basic flow controls on tropical-extratropical interaction and equatorial wave modification. Dyn. Atmosph. Oceans 27, 91-134. Yang, S. and Webster, P. J. 1990. The effect of summer tropical heating on the location and intensity of the extratropical westerly jet streams. J. Geophys. Res. 95 18705–18721.
- Yulaeva, E., Holton, J. R. and Wallace, J. M. 1994. On the cause of the annual cycle in tropical lower-strato-spheric temperatures. J. Atmos. Sc i. 51, 169–174.