The effects of closure-based eddy diffusion on the climate and spectra of a GCM

References

• Alvarez, A., Tintore, J., Holloway, G., Eby, M. and Beckers, J. M. 1994. Effect of topographic stress on the circulation in the western Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16053–16064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer, F. and Alyea, F. N. 1971. Effects of spectral truncation on general circulation and long-range prediction. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 457–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackadar, A. K. 1962. The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3095–3102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, G. J. and Shepherd, T. G. 1983. Large-scale two-dimensional turbulence in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 164–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottomley, M., Folland, C. K., Hsiung, J., Newell, R. E. and Parker, D. E. 1990. Global ocean surface temperature atlas. UK Met. Office, 20 pp. & 313 plates.
   Google Scholar
• Dix, M. R. and Hunt, B. G. 1995. Chaotic influences and the problem of deterministic seasonal predictions. Int. J. Climatol. 15, 729–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECMWF, 1994. The description of the ECMWF/WCRP level III - A global atmospheric data archive. Euro-pean Centre for medium-Range Weather Forecasts report, p. 22
   Google Scholar
• Eliasen, E. and Laursen, L. 1990. On the effects of horizontal resolution and diffusion in a two-layer general circulation model with a zonally symmetric forcing. Tellus 42A, 520–530.
   Google Scholar
• Frederilcsen, J. S.1999. Subgrid-scale parameterisations of eddy-topographic force, eddy viscosity and stochastic bacicscatter for flow over topography. J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 56–1494.
   Google Scholar
• Frederilcsen, J. S. and Davies, A. G. 1997. Eddy viscosity and stochastic bacicscatter parameterizations on the sphere for atmospheric circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 54–2492.
   Google Scholar
• Frederilcsen, J. S. and Sawford, B. L. 1980. Statistical dynamics of two-dimensional inviscid flow on a sphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 37–732.
   Google Scholar
• Frederilcsen, J. S., Dix, M. R. and Kepert, S. M. 1996. Systematic energy errors and the tendency toward canonical equilibrium in atmospheric circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 53–904.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, H. B. and O’Farrell, S. P. 1997. Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with dynamical sea-ice. Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 125–907.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, A., Cubasch, U., Tibaldi, S., Brankovic, C., Palmer, T. N. and Campbell, L. 1987. Mid-latitude atmospheric prediction on time scales of 10-30 days. In: At-mospheric and oceanic variability (ed. H. Cattle). Royal Meteorological Society, 117-151.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, G. 1992. Representing topographic stress for large-scale ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 1033–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaas, E., Guldberg, A., May, W. and Deque, M. 1999. Using tendency errors to tune the parameterization of unresolved dynamical scale interactions in atmospheric general circulation models. Tellus 51A, 612–629.
   Google Scholar
• Koshyk, J. N.and Boer, G. J. 1995. Parameterization of dynamical subgrid-scale processes in a spectral GCM. J. At-mos. Sci. 52, 52–976.
   Google Scholar
• Kraichnan, R. H. 1967. Inertial ranges in two-dimensional turbulence. Phys. Fluids 10, 1417–1423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraichnan, R. H. 1971. Inertial-range transfer in two- and three-dimensional turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 47, 525–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen, L. and Eliasen, E. 1989. On the effects of the damping mechanisms in an atmospheric circulation model. Tel-lus 41A, 385–400.
   Google Scholar
• Leith, C. E. 1971. Atmospheric predictability and two-dimensional turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 145–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leith, C. E. 1990. Stochastic bacicscatter in a subgrid-scale model. Plane shear mixing layer. Phys. Fluids A 2, 297–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J. and Strickler, R. F. 1965. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 93–798.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S., Smagorinsky, J., Holloway, J. L. and Stone, H. M. 1970. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Part BI: Effects of increased horizontal computational resolutions. Mon. Wea. Rev. 98, 98–212.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S., Hahn, D. G. andHolloway, J. L. Jr. 1979. Climate simulations with GFDL spectral models of the atmosphere: effect of spectral truncation. GARP Pub. Ser. 22, 41–94.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, J. L. 1993. Economical determination of departure points for semi-Lagrangian models. Mon. Wea. Rev. 121, 221–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, J. L., Gordon, H. B., Watterson, I. G., Dix, M. R. and Rotstayn, L. D. 1993. The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. Melbourne, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research. (Technical Paper 26.)
   Google Scholar
• Miyakoda, K., Strickler, R. F., Nappo, C. J., Baker, P. L. and Hembree, G. D. 1971. The effect of horizontal grid resolution in an atmospheric circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 481–499.
   Google Scholar
• Nastrom, G. D. and Gage, K. S. 1985. A climatology of atmospheric wavenumber spectra observed by commercial aircraft. J. Atmos. Sci. 42, 950–960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nastrom, G. D., Gage, K. S. and Jasperson, W. H. 1984. The atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum, 10°-104 km. Nature 310, 36–38.
   Google Scholar
• Piomelli, U., Cabot, W. H., Moin, P. and Lee, S. 1991. Subgrid-scale backscatter in turbulent and transitional flows. Phys. Fluids A 3, 1766–1771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky, J., Manabe, S. and Holloway, J. L. 1965. Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev. 93, 93–768.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, I. N. 1999. Estimating mass balance components of the Greenland ice sheet from a long-term GCM simulation. Global and Planetary Change 20, 19–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, I. N., Dix, M. and Allan, R. J. 1997. The effect of greenhouse SSTs on ENSO simulations with an AGCM. J. Climate 10, 342–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, I. N., Budd, W. E and Reid, P. 1998. Model estimates of Antarctic accumulation rates and their relationship to temperature and changes. Ann. Glaciol. 27, 246–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, D. M. and Ditlevsen, P. 1999. Two-dimensional turbulence properties of ECMWF reanalyses. Tellus 51A, 749–772.
   Google Scholar
• Watterson, I. G., Dix, M. R., Gordon, H. B. and McGregor, J. L. 1995. The CSIRO nine-level atmospheric general circulation model and its equilibrium and doubled CO2 cli-mates. AusL Meteorol Mag. 44, 111–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watterson, I. G., O’Farrell, S. P. and Dix, M. R. 1997. Energy and water transport in climates simulated by a general circulation model that includes dynamic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 11, 027–11, 037.
   Google Scholar
• WW¨unn-Nielsen, A. 1967. On the annual variation and spectral distribution of atmospheric energy. Tellus 19, 540–559.
   Google Scholar
• WW¨unn-Nielsen, A. 1972. A study of power laws in the atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum using spherical harmonic functions. Meteor Ann. 6, 107–124.
   Google Scholar