1,432
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Critical Examination of Theories of Charge Generation in Thunderstorms

Pages 446-460 | Received 02 May 1952, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • ALLIBONE, T. E., and MEEK, J. M., 1938: The develop-ment of the spark discharge, Proc. Roy. Soc. A., 166, p. 97.
  • BLANCHARD, D. C., 1950: Experiments with water drops and the interaction between them at terminal velocity in air. Project Cirrus. Occas. Report, No. 17.
  • BYERS, H. R., and BRAHAM, R. R., 1950: “The Thunder-storm”, Washington, D. C.
  • CHAPMAN, S., 1950: Hydrometeors and thunderstorm electricity, Proc. Conf. on Thunderstorm Elect., Chicago, p. 149.
  • CHAPMAN, S., 1952: Thunderstorm electrification studies, Cornell Aero. Lab., Report VC-603-P-I.
  • CHALMERS, J. A., 1952: Electric Charges from Ice Friction, J. Atmos. and Terr. Phys., 2, p. 337.
  • DINGER, E. J., and GUNN, R., 1946: Electrical effects associated with a change of state of water, Terr. Mag. Atmos. Elect., 51, p. 477.
  • ELSTER, J., and GEITEL, H., 1913: Electric charge of rain, Phys. Z.,p. 1287.
  • FINDEISEN, W., 1940: Ober die Entstehung der Ge-witterelektrizität, Met. Z., 57, p. 201.
  • FINDEISEN, W., 1943: Untersuchungen iiber die Eissplitterbildung an Reifschichten, ibid., 60, p. 145.
  • FRENKEL, J., 1944: A theory of the fundamental phe-nomena of atmospheric electricity, J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 8, p. 285.
  • FRENKEL, J., 1946: Influence of water drops on the ionization and electrification of air, ibid., 10, p. 151.
  • FRENKEL, J., 1947: Atmospheric electricity and lightning, J. Franklin Inst., 243, p. 287.
  • GILL, E. W. B., and ALFREY, G. F., 1952: Production of electric charge on water drops, Nature, 169, p. 203.
  • GUNN, K. L. S., and HITSCHFELD, W., 1951: A laboratory investigation of the coalescence between large and small water drops, J. Met., 8, p. 7.
  • GUNN, R., 1948: Electric field intensity inside natural clouds,]. App. Phys., N. Y., 19, p. 481.
  • GUNN, R., 1952: The electrification of cloud droplets in non-precipitating cumuli, J. Met. 9, p. 397.
  • HOLZER, R. E., 1950: Thunderstorms and sferics, Proc. Conf. on Thund. Elect., Chicago, p. 217.
  • KRAMER, C., 1948: Elcctrische ladingen aan berijpte oppervlakken, K. Ned. Met. Inst. Med. er Verh., A., 54.
  • KUETTNER, J., 1950: The electrical and meteorological conditions inside thunderclouds, J. Met., 7, p. 322.
  • KUMM, A., 1951: Ober die Entstehung von elektrischen Ladungen bei Vorgangen in der kristallinen Eisphase, Arch. Met. Geophys. Biokl. A, Vienna, 3, p. 385.
  • LENARD, P., 1892: Ueber die Electrizität der Wasserfälle, Ann. d. Phys., 46, p. 584.
  • LENARD, P., 1904: Met. Z., 39, p. 249.
  • LUDLAM, F. H., 195o: The composition of coagulation elements in cumulonimbus, Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 76, p. 52.
  • LUEDER, H., 1951: A new electrical effect during the formation of soft hail (Graupel) in natural under-cooled mist, Z. angew. Phys., 3, pp. 247, 289.
  • MALAN, D. J., and SCHONLAND, B. F. J., 151 a: The electrical processes in the intervals between the strokes of a lightning discharge, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 206, p. 145.
  • MALAN, D. J., and SCHONLAND, B. F. J., 1951 b: The distribution of electricity in thunder-clouds, ibid., A, 209, p. 158.
  • MASON, B. J., and OWSTON, P. G., 1952: Ice crystals of spiral form grown from the vapour, Phil. Meg., Ser. 7, 43, p. 911.
  • MEINHOLD, H., 1951: Die elektrische Ladung eines Flugzeuges bei Vereisung in Quellwolken, Geofisica Pura e Applicata, 19, p. 176.
  • PEARCE, D. C., and CURRIE, B. W., 1949: Some qualita-tive results on the electrification of snow, Can. J. Res., A, 27, p. I.
  • SCHONLAND, B. F. J., 1928: The polarity of thunder-clouds, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 118, p. 233.
  • SIMPSON, G. C., 1909: On the electricity of rain and its origin in thunderstorms, Phil. Trans., A, 209, p. 379.
  • SIMPSON, G. C., 1942: The electricity of cloud and rain, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 68, p. I.
  • SIMPSON, G. C., and ROBINSON, G. D., 1941: The distribu-tion of electricity in thunderclouds-II, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 177, p. 281.
  • SIMPSON, G. C., and SCRASE, F. J., 1937: Distribution of electricity in thunderclouds, ibid., A, 161, p. 309.
  • WALL, E., 1948: Das Gewitter, Wetter und Klima r, pp. 7, 65, 193.
  • WEICKMANN, H. K., and aufmKAMPF, H. J., 1980: Preliminary experimental results concerning charge generation in thunderstorms concurrent with the formation of hailstones, J. Met., 7, 10. 404.
  • WHIPPLE, F. J. W., and CHALMERS, J. A., 1944: On Wilson's theory of the collection of charge by falling drops, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 70, p. 103.
  • WILSON, C. T. R., 1921: Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms, Phil. Trans. A, 221, p. 73.
  • WILSON, C. T. R., 1929: Some thundercloud problems, J. Franklin Inst., 208, p. I.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., and HOLZER, R. E., 1942: The electrical structure of thunderstorms, N.A.C.A. Tech. Note, No. 85o.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., HOLZER, R. E., and PELSOR, G. T., 1942: The electrical structure of thunderstorms, N.A.C.A. Tech. Note, No. 864.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., and REYNOLDS, S. E., 1948: A suggested mechanism for the generation of thunderstorm electricity, Phys. Rev., 74, p. 709.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., and REYNOLDS, S. E., 1950 a: Thunderstorm research programme at New Mexico School of Mines, Proc. Conf. on Thund. Elect., Chicago, p. 29.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., and REYNOLDS, S. E., 1950 b: Electrical phenomena occurring during the freezing of dilute aqueous solutions and their possible relationship to thunderstorm electricity, Phys. Rev., 78, p. 254.
  • WORKMAN, E. J., and REYNOLDS, S. E., 1951: Thunderstorm electricity, New Mexico School of Mines, Final Rep. 1951.
  • WORMELL, T. W., 1939: The effects of thunderstorms and lightning discharges on the earth's electric field, Phil. Trans., A, 238, p. 249.
  • WORMELL, T. W., 1953: Atmospheric electricity; some recent trends and problems, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 79, p. 3.
  • ZELENY, J., 1933: Variation with temperature of the electrification produced in air by the disruption of water drops and its bearing on the prevalence of lightning, Phys. Rev., 44, p. 837.