2,173
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Thematic cl.: Towards regional climate system modeling for the Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Arctic Ocean

A fully coupled Mediterranean regional climate system model: design and evaluation of the ocean component for the 1980–2012 period

Article: 23967 | Received 31 Jan 2014, Accepted 17 Oct 2014, Published online: 18 Nov 2014

References

  • Artale V. , Calmanti S. , Carillo A. , Dell'Aquila A. , Herrmann M. , co-authors . An atmosphere ocean regional climate model for the Mediterranean area: assessment of a present climate simulation. Clim. Dynam. 2010; 35(5): 721–740.
  • Balmaseda M. A. , Mogensen K. , Molteni F. , Weaver A. T . The NEMOVAR-COMBINE Ocean Re-Analysis. Technical Report 1. 2010. COMBINE Technical Report (ISSN 2221-1128).
  • Belamari S . Report on uncertainty estimates of an optimal bulk formulation for surface turbulent fluxes. MERSEA IP Deliverable, D4.1.2. 2005; 29.
  • Béranger K. , Drillet Y. , Houssais M. N. , Testor P. , Bourdallé-Badie R. , co-authors . Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2010; 115(C12):
  • Berrisford P. , Dee D. , Fielding K. , Fuentes M. N. , Kallberg P. , co-authors . The ERA-interim archive. ERA Report Series. 2009; 1: 1–16.
  • Berry D. I. , Kent E. C . A new air-sea interaction gridded dataset from ICOADS with uncertainty estimates. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2009; 90: 645–656.
  • Béthoux J.-P . Budgets of the Mediterranean Sea. Their dependence on the local climate and on the characteristics of the Atlantic waters. Oceanol. Acta. 1979; 2: 157–163.
  • Béthoux J.-P. , de Madron X. D. , Nyffeler F. , Tailliez D . Deep water in the Western Mediterranean: peculiar 1999 and 00 characteristics, shelf formation hypothesis, variability since 1970 and geochemical inferences. J. Mar. Syst. 2002; 33: 7–131.
  • Beuvier J. , Béranger K. , Lebeaupin-Brossier C. , Somot S. , Sevault F. , co-authors . Spreading of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after winter 2005: time scales and deep cyclone transport. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117
  • Beuvier J. , Sevault F. , Herrmann M. , Kontoyiannis H. , Ludwig W. , co-authors . Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961–2000: focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. J. Geophys. Res. 2010; 115: C08017.
  • Bougeault P . A simple parameterization of the large-scale effects of cumulus convection. Mon. Weather Rev. 1985; 113(12): 08–2121.
  • Bunker A. F. , Charnock H. , Goldsmith R. A . A note of the heat balance of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. J. Mar. Res. 1982; 40: 73–84.
  • Calafat F. M. , Jordà G . A Mediterranean sea level reconstruction (1950–2008) with error budget estimates. Global Planet. Change. 2011; 79(1–2): 118–133.
  • Carillo A. , Sannino G. , Artale V. , Ruti P. M. , Calmanti S. , co-authors . Steric sea level rise over the Mediterranean Sea: present climate and scenario simulations. Clim. Dynam. 2012; 39: 2167–2184.
  • Colin J. , Déqué M. , Radu R. , Somot S . Sensitivity study of heavy precipitation in limited area model climate simulations: influence of the size of the domain and the use of the spectral nudging technique. Tellus A. 2010; 62: 591–604.
  • Criado-Aldeanueva F. , Soto-Navarro J. , García-Lafuente J . Seasonal and interannual variability of surface heat and freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea: budgets and exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Int. J. Climatol. 2012; 32: 6–302.
  • Decharme B. , Alkama R. , Douville H. , Becker M. , Cazenave A . Global evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP Continental Hydrological System. Part II: Uncertainties in river routing simulation related to flow velocity and groundwater storage. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2010; 11: 601–617.
  • Dell'Aquila A. , Calmanti S. , Ruti P. , Struglia M. V. , Pisacane G. , co-authors . Effects of seasonal cycle fluctuations in an A1B scenario over the Euro-Mediterranean region. Clim. Res. 2012; 2: 135.
  • Di Luca A. , Flaounas E. , Drobinski P. , Lebeaupin-Brossier C . The atmospheric component of the Mediterranean Sea water budget in a WRF multi-physics ensemble and observations. Clim. Dynam. 2014; 43(9–10)): 2349–2375.
  • Drobinski P. , Anav A. , Brossier C. L. , Samson G. , Stéfanon M. , co-authors . Model of the Regional Coupled Earth system (MORCE): application to process and climate studies in vulnerable regionsm. Environ. Model. Software. 2012; 35: 1–18.
  • Dubois C. , Somot S. , Carillo S. C. A. , Déqué M. , Dell'Aquila A. , co-authors . Future projections of the surface heat and water budgets of the Mediterranean Sea in an ensemble of coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Regional Climate Models. Clim. Dynam. 2012; 39(7–8): 1859–1884.
  • Farda A. , Déqué M. , Somot S. , Horanyi A. , Spiridonov V. , co-authors . Model ALADIN as regional climate model for Central and Eastern Europe. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica. 2010; 54: 313–332.
  • Ferry N. , Parent L. , Garric G. , Barnier B. , Jourdain N. C. , co-authors . Mercator Global Eddy Permitting Ocean Reanalysis GLORYS1V1: Description and Results. 2010; Technical Report, Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter.
  • Font J. , Boutin J. , Reul N. , Spurgeon P. , Ballabrera-Poy J. , co-authors . SMOS first data analysis for sea surface salinity determination. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2012; 34(9–10): 3654–3670.
  • Geleyn J.-F . Interpolation of wind, temperature and humidity values from model levels to the height of measurement. Tellus A. 1988; 40: 347–351.
  • Gualdi S. , Somot S. , Li L. , Artale V. , Adani M. , co-authors . The CIRCE simulations: a new set of regional climate change projections performed with a realistic representation of the Mediterranean Sea. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2013a; 94: 65–81.
  • Gualdi S. , Somot S. , May W. , Castellari S. , Déqué M. , co-authors . Navarra A. , Tubiana L . Future climate projections. Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean. 2013b; Springer Netherlands 53–118.
  • Guldberg A. , Kaas E. , Déqué M. , Yang S. , Thorsen S. V . Reduction of systematic errors by empirical model correction: impact on seasonal prediction skillm. Tellus A. 2005; 57(4): 575–588.
  • Haugen J. E. , Machenhauer B . A spectral limited-area model formulation with time dependent boundary conditions applied to the shallow-water equations. Mon. Weather Rev. 1993; 121: 2618–2630.
  • Herrmann M. , Sevault F. , Beuvier J. , Somot S . What induced the exceptional 2005 convection event in the northwestern Mediterranean basin? Answers from a modeling study. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2010; 115: C12051.
  • Herrmann M. , Somot S . Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008; 35: L04607.
  • Herrmann M. , Somot S. , Calmanti S. , Dubois C. , Sevault F . Representation of spatial and temporal variability of daily wind speed and of intense wind events over the Mediterranean Sea using dynamical downscaling: impact of the regional climate model configuration. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2011; 11: 1983–2001.
  • Ingleby B. , Huddleston M . Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles – historical and real-time data. J. Mar. Syst. 2007; 65: 158–175.
  • Jordà G. , Gomis D . On the interpretation of the steric and mass components of sea level variability: the case of the Mediterranean basin. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2013; 118(2): 953–963.
  • Josey S . Changes in the heat and freshwater forcing of the eastern Mediterranean and their influence on deep water formation. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108(C7): 1–18.
  • Klein B. , Roether W. , Manca B. , Bregant D. , Beitzel V. , co-authors . The large deep water transient in the Eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res. 1999; 46: 371–414.
  • Kontoyiannis H. , Balopoulos E. , Gotsis-Skretas O. , Pavlidou A. , Assimakopoulou G. , co-authors . The hydrology and biochemistry of the Cretan Straits (Antikithira and Kassos Straits) revisited in the period June 1997–May 1998. J. Mar. Syst. 2005; 53(14): 37–57.
  • Krzic A. , Tosic I. , Djurdjevic V. , Veljovic K. , Rajkovic B . Changes in climate indices for Serbia according to the SRES-A1B and SRES-A2 scenarios. Clim. Res. 2011; 49: 73–86.
  • Langlais C. , Barnier B. , Molines J. , Fraunié P. , Jacob D. , co-authors . Evaluation of a dynamically downscaled atmospheric reanalyse in the prospect of forcing long term simulations of the ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions. Ocean Model. 2009; 30: 270–286.
  • Lascaratos A. , Roether W. , Nittis K. , Klein B . Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: a review. Prog. Oceanogr. 1999; 44: 5–36.
  • L'Hévéder B. , Li L. , Sevault F. , Somot S . Interannual variability of deep convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean simulated with a coupled AORCM. Clim. Dynam. 2013; 41(3–4): 937–960.
  • Li L. , Casado A. , Congedi L. , Dell'Aquila A. , Dubois C. , Elizalde A. , co-authors . Lionello P . Modelling of the mediterranean climate system. The Climate of the Mediterranean Region, From the past to the future. 2012; London, GB and Waltham, USA: Elsevier. 419–448.
  • Llasses J. , Jordà G. , Gomis D . Skills of different hydrographic networks to capture changes in the Mediterranean Sea at climate scales. Clim. Res. 2014
  • Louis J.-F . A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 1979; 17: 187–202.
  • Ludwig W. , Dumont E. , Meybeck M. , Heussner S . River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?. Prog. Oceanogr. 2009; 80: 199–217.
  • Macdonald A. , Candela J. , Bryden H . Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Chapter An estimate of the net heat transport through the Strait of Gibraltar. 1994; AGU, Coastal Estuarine Studies 46. 13–32.
  • Madec G . NEMO Ocean Engine. 2008; Technical Report, Paris, France, IPSL.
  • Mariotti A . Recent changes in the Mediterranean water cycle: a pathway toward long-term regional hydroclimatic change?. J. Clim. 2010; 23: 1513–1525.
  • Mariotti A. , Dell'Aquila A . Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes. Clim. Dynam. 2012; 38: 1129–1145.
  • Marullo S. , Artale V. , Santoleri R . The SST multidecadal variability in the Atlantic-Mediterranean region and its relation to AMO. J. Clim. 2011; 24(16): 4385–4401.
  • Marullo S. , Nardelli B. B. , Guarracino M. , Santoleri R . Observing the Mediterranean Sea from space: 21 years of Pathfinder- AVHRR sea surface temperatures (1985 to 2005): re-analysis and validation. Ocean Sci. 2007; 3: 299–310.
  • Mertens C. , Schott F . Interannual variability of deep-water formation in the northwestern Mediterranean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1998; 28(7): 1410–1424.
  • Meyssignac B. , Calafat F. M. , Somot S. , Rupolo V. , Stocchi P. , co-authors . Two-dimensional reconstruction of the Mediterranean sea level over 1970–2006 from tide gage data and regional ocean circulation model outputs. Global Planet. Change. 2011; 77(1–2): 49–61.
  • Morcrette J.-J . Description of the Radiation Scheme in the ECMWF Model. 1989; Technical Report, ECMWF.
  • Nabat P. , Somot S. , Mallet M. , Chiapello I. , Morcrette J. J. , co-authors . A 4-D climatology (1979–2009) of the monthly tropospheric aerosol optical depth distribution over the Mediterranean region from a comparative evaluation and blending of remote sensing and model products. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2013; 6: 1287–1314.
  • Nabat P. , Somot S. , Mallet M. , Sanchez-Lorenzo A. , Wild M . Contribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to the changing Euro-Mediterranean climate since 1980. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014a; 41: 937–960.
  • Nabat P., Somot S., Mallet M., Sevault F., Chiacchio M., co-authors. Direct and semi-direct aerosol radiative effect on the Mediterranean climate variability using a coupled Regional Climate System Model. Clim. Dynam. 2014b. Online at: http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382–014–2205–6.
  • Noilhan J. , Mahfouf J.-F . The ISBA land surface parameterisation scheme. Global Planet. Change. 1996; 13: 145–159.
  • Noilhan J. , Planton S . A simple parameterisation of land surface processes for meteorological models. Mon. Weather Rev. 1989; 117: 536–549.
  • Oki T. , Sud Y. C . Design of total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP). A Global River Channel Network. Earth Interact. 1998; 2: 1–36.
  • Palmiéri J. , Orr J. C. , Dutay J. C. , Béranger K. , Schneider A. , co-authors . Simulated anthropogenic CO2 uptake and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosci. Discuss. 2014; 11: 6461–6517.
  • Pascual A. , Vidal-Vijandel E. , Ruiz S. , Somot S. , Papadopoulos V . Borzelli G. E. , Gacic M. , Lionello P. , Malanotte-Rizzoli P . Spatio-temporal variability of the surface circulation in the Western mediterranean: a comparative study using altimetry and modelling. The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns. 2014; Washington, USA: AGU monograph. 5–24. Technical Report, .
  • Pettenuzzo D. , Large W. G. , Pinardi N . On the corrections of ERA-40 surface flux products consistent with the Mediterranean heat and water budgets and the connection between basin surface total heat flux and NAO. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2010; 115(C6):
  • Pinardi N. , Zavatarelli M. , Adani M. , Coppini G. , Fratianni C. , co-authors . Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: a retrospective analysis. Prog. Oceanogr. 2013
  • Planton S. , Lionello P. , Artale V. , Aznar R. , Carillo A. , co-authors . Lionello P . The climate of the mediterranean region in future climate projections. The Climate of the Mediterranean Region, From the past to the future. 2012; London, GB and Waltham, USA: Elsevier Science Ltd. 449–502.
  • Pullen J. , Doyle J. D. , Hodur R. , Ogston A. , Book J. W. , co-authors . Coupled ocean-atmosphere nested modeling of the Adriatic Sea during winter and spring 2001. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108(C10):
  • Radu R. , Déqué M. , Somot S . Spectral nudging in a spectral regional climate model. Tellus A. 2008; 60: 898–910.
  • Reynaud T. , Legrand P. , Mercier H. , Barnier B . A new analysis of hydrographic data in the Atlantic and its application to an inverse modeling study. Int. WOCE Newslett. 1998; 32
  • Ricard J.-L. , Royer J.-F . A statistical cloud scheme for use in an AGCM. Ann. Geophys. Atmos. Hydrosph. Space Sci. 1993; 11: 95–1115.
  • Rixen M. , Beckers J. M. , Levitus S. , Antonov J. , Boyer T. C. , co-authors . The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: a proxy for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005; 32(12): L12608.
  • Roether W. , Klein B. , Manca B. , Theokaris A. , Kioroglou S . Transient Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in 1990s. Prog. Oceanogr. 2007; 74: 540–571.
  • Roether W. , Manca B. , Klein B. , Bregant D. , Georgopoulos D. , co-authors . Recent changes in Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters. Science. 1996; 271: 333–334.
  • Rojas M. , Li L. Z. , Kanakidou M. , Hatzianastassiou N. , Seze G. , co-authors . Winter weather regimes over the Mediterranean region: their role for the regional climate and projected changes in the twenty-first century. Clim. Dynam. 2013; 41(3–4): 551–571.
  • Ruti P. , Somot S. , Dubois C. , Calmanti S. , Ahrens B. , co-authors . MED-CORDEX initiative for Mediterranean Climate studies. 2014. BAMS (submitted).
  • Sanchez-Gomez E. , Somot S. , Josey S. A. , Dubois C. , Elguindi N. , co-authors . Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models. Clim. Dynam. 2011; 37: 2067–2086.
  • Sanna A. , Lionello P. , Gualdi S . Coupled atmosphere ocean climate model simulations in the Mediterranean region: effect of a high-resolution marine model on cyclones and precipitation. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2013; 13(6): 1567–1577.
  • Sannino G. , Herrmann M. , Carillo A. , Rupolo V. , Ruggiero V. , co-authors . An eddy-permitting model of the Mediterranean Sea with a two-way grid refinement at the Strait of Gibraltar. Ocean Model. 2009; 30(1): 56–72.
  • Schroeder K. , Ribotti A. , Borghini M. , Sorgente R. , Perilli A. , co-authors . An extensive western Mediterranean deep water renewal between 2004 and 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008; 35(18): L18605.
  • Simmons J. , Gibson J . The ERA40 Project Plan. ERA40 Project Report Series, n. 1. 2000; UK, ECMWF: Reading.
  • Smith R. N. B . A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1990; 116: 435–460.
  • Somot S. , Sevault F. , Déqué M . Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model. Clim. Dynam. 2006; 27: 851–879.
  • Somot S. , Sevault F. , Déqué M . Design and first simulation with a tri-coupled AORCM dedicated to the Mediterranean study. Research activities in atmospheric and oceanic modelling (Blue Book) CAS/JSC Working group on numerical experimentation (WGNE). Report N. 2009; 39: 9–5.
  • Somot S. , Sevault F. , Déqué M. , Crépon M . 21st century climate change scenario for the Mediterranean using a coupled atmosphere ocean regional climate model. Global Planet. Change. 2008; 63: 112–126.
  • Soto-Navarro J. , Somot S. , Sevault F. , Beuvier J. , Criado-Aldeanueva F. , co-authors . Evaluation of regional ocean circulation models for the Mediterranean Sea at the Strait of Gibraltar: volume transport and thermohaline properties of the outflow. Clim. Dynam. 2014
  • SSALTO/DUACS User Handbook. (M)SLA and (M)ADT near-real time and delayed time products. 2013. Nomenclature: SALP-MU-P-EA-21065-CLS. Issue 3, Rev. 4. Reference: CLSDOS-NT-06-034.
  • Stackhouse P. W. , Gupta S. K. , Cox S. J. , Chiacchio M. , Mikovitz C . Smith W. L. , Timofeyev Y. M . The WCRP/GEWEX surface radiation budget project release 2: an assessment of surface fluxes at 1 degree resolution. International Radiation Symposium 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. 2000; Russia: St. Petersburg.
  • Stanev E. V. , Peneva E. L . Regional sea level response to global climatic change: Black Sea examples. Global Planet. Change. 2002; 32: 33–47.
  • Szczypta C. , Decharme B. , Carrer D. , Calvet J.-C. , Lafont S. , co-authors . Impact of precipitation and land biophysical variables on the simulated discharge of European and Mediterranean rivers. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2012; 16: 3351–3370.
  • Tegen I. , Hollrig P. , Chin M. , Fung I. , Jacob D. , co-authors . Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: estimates from model results. J. Geophys. Res. 1997; 102: 23895–23915.
  • Theocharis A. , Klein B. , Nittis K. , Roether W . Evolution and status of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997–1999). J. Mar. Syst. 2002; 33–34(11): 91–116.
  • Theocharis A. , Nittis K. , Kontoyiannis H. , Papageorgiou E. , Balopoulos E . Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the Eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986–1997). Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999; 26(11): 1617–1620.
  • Tramblay Y. , Ruelland D. , Somot S. , Bouaicha R. , Servat E . High-resolution Med-CORDEX regional climate model simulations for hydrological impact studies: a first evaluation of the ALADIN-Climate model in Morocco. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013; 17: 3721–3739.
  • Valcke S . The OASIS3 coupler: a European climate modelling community software. Geosci. Model Dev. 2013; 6: 3–388.
  • Vergnes J.-P. , Decharme B . A simple groundwater scheme in the TRIP river routing model: global off-line evaluation against GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates and observed river discharges. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2012; 16: 3889–3908.
  • Vergnes J.-P. , Decharme B. , Alkama R. , Martin E. , Habets F. , co-authors . A simple groundwater scheme for hydrological and climate applications: description and offline evaluation over France. J. Hydrometeorol. 2012; 13(4): 1149–1171.
  • Voldoire A. , Sanchez-Gomez E. , Salas y Mélia D. , Decharme B. , Cassou C. , co-authors . The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation. Clim. Dynam. 2013; 40(9–10): 2091–2121.
  • Vörosmarty C. , Fekete B. , Tucker B . Global River Discharge Database, RivDis. 1996. Technical Report, UNESCO. International Hydrological Program, Global Hydrological Archive and Analysis Systems.
  • Woodruff S. D. , Diaz H. F. , Elms J. D. , Worley S. J . COADS Release 2 and metadata enhancements of marine surface flux fields. Phys. Chem. Earth. 1998; 23: 517–526.
  • Yu L. , Jin X. , Weller R. A . Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes, Ocean Evaporation, and Related Surface Meteorological Variables. 2008; Technical Report, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution OAFlux Project Technical Report (OA-2008–01).
  • Zerefos C. S. , Eleftheratos K. , Meleti C. , Kazadzis S. , Romanou A. , co-authors . Solar dimming and brightening over Thessaloniki, Greece, and Beijing, China. Tellus B. 2009; 61(4): 657–665.
  • Zervakis V. , Georgopoulos D. , Karageorgis A. , Theocharis A . On the response of the Aegean Sea to climatic variability: a review. Int. J. Climatol. 2004; 24: 1845–1858.
  • Zhang Y. C. , Rossow W. B. , Lacis A. A. , Oinas V. , Mishchenko M. I . Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109(D19):