References
- Ambaum M . Isentropic formation of the tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci. 1997; 54: 555–568.
- Charney J. G. , Drazin P . Propagation of planetary scale disturbances from the lower atmosphere into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1961; 66: 83–109.
- Dee D. P. , Uppala S. M. , Simmons A. J. , Berrisford P. , Poli P. , co-authors . The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2011; 137: 553–597.
- Edouard S. , Vautard R. , Brunet G . On the maintenance of potential vorticity in isentropic coordinates. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1997; 123: 2069–2094.
- Fels S. B . Radiative–dynamical interactions in the middle atmosphere. Adv. Geophys. 1985; 28A: 277–300.
- Fels S. B. , Mahlman J. D. , Schwarzkopf M. D. , Sinclair R. W . Stratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: radiative and dynamical response. J. Atmos. Sci. 1980; 37: 2265–2297.
- Fleming E. L. , Chandra S. , Barnett J. J. , Corney M . Zonal mean temperature, pressure, zonal wind, and geopotential height as functions of latitude. Adv. Space. Res. 1990; 10(12): 11–59.
- Fortuin J. P. F. , Kelder H . An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements. J. Geoph. Res. 1998; 103: 31709–31734.
- Fueglistaler S. , Legras B. , Beljaars A. , Morcrette J.-J. , Simmons A. , co-authors . Diabatic heat budget of the upper troposphere and lower/mid stratosphere in ECMWF reanalyses. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2009; 135: 21–37.
- Gettelman A. , Hoor P. , Pan L. L. , Randel W. J. , Hegglin M. I. , co-authors . The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Rev. Geophys. 2011; 49: RG3003.
- Hartmann D. L . The atmospheric general circulation and its variability. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. 2007; 85B: 123–143.
- Haynes P. H. , Marks C. J. , McIntyre M. E. , Shepherd T. G. , Shine K. P . On the “downward control” of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces. J. Atmos. Sci. 1991; 48: 651–678.
- Haynes P. H. , McIntyre M. E . On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces. J. Atmos. Sci. 1987; 44: 828–841.
- Haynes P. H. , McIntyre M. E . On the conservation and impermeability theorems for potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 1990; 47: 2012–2031.
- Haynes P. H. , McIntyre M. E. , Shepherd T. G . Reply to a comment by J. Egger. J. Atmos. Sci. 1996; 53: 2105–2107.
- Held I. M. , Hou A. Y . Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 1980; 37: 515–533.
- Held I. M. , Suarez M. J . A proposal for the intercomparison of the dynamical cores of atmospheric general circulation models. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 1994; 75: 1825–1830.
- Highwood E. J. , Hoskins B. J . The tropical tropopause. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1998; 124: 1579–1604.
- Hinssen Y. , van Delden A. , Opsteegh J . Influence of sudden stratospheric warmings on the tropospheric winds. Meteorol. Z. 2011a; 20: 259–266.
- Hinssen Y. , van Delden A. , Opsteegh J. , de Geus W . Stratospheric impact on the troposphere deduced from potential vorticity inversion in relation to the Arctic Oscillation. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2010; 136: 20–29. See also the corrigendum: Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 136, 2203–2204.
- Hinssen Y. B. L. , Ambaum M. H. P . Relation between the 100 hPa heat flux and stratospheric potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010; 67: 4017–4027.
- Hinssen Y. B. L. , Bell C. J. , Siegmund P. C . The influence of the stratosphere on the tropospheric zonal wind response to CO2 doubling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011b; 11: 4915–4927.
- Hoerling M. P . Diabatic sources of potential vorticity in the general circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 1992; 49: 2282–2292.
- Hoskins B. J . Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation. Tellus B. 1991; 43: 27–35.
- Holton J. R . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology.
- Koshyk J. N. , McFarlane N. A . The potential vorticity budget of an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 1996; 53: 550–563.
- Manabe S. , Hunt B. G . Experiments with a stratospheric general circulation model. 1. Radiative and dynamic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1968; 96: 477–502.
- Manabe S. , Mahlman J. D . Simulation of seasonal and interhemispheric variations in the stratospheric circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 1976; 33: 2185–2217.
- Manabe S. , Smagorinsky J. , Strickler R. F . Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1965; 93: 769–798.
- McIntyre M. E. , Palmer T. N . The “surf zone” in the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1984; 46: 825–849.
- Mendez-Nunez L. R. , Caroll J. J . Comparison of leapfrog, Smolarkiewicz, and MacCormack schemes applied to nonlinear equations. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1993; 121: 565–578.
- Pawson S. , Kodera S. , Hamilton K. , Shepherd T.G. , Beagley R. , co-authors . The GCM-reality intercomparison project for SPARC (GRIPS): scientific issues and initial results. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 2000; 81: 781–796.
- Pierrehumbert R. T . Principles of Planetary Climate.
- Plumb R. A. , Eluszkiewicz J . The Brewer-Dobson circulation: dynamics of the tropical upwelling. J. Atmos. Sci. 1999; 56: 868–890.
- Randel W. J. , Jensen E. J . Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nat. Geosci. 2013; 6: 169–176.
- Schumacher C. , Houzeand R. A. , Kraucunas I . The dynamical response to latent heating estimates derived from the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Atmos. Sci. 2004; 61: 1341–1358.
- Semeniuk K. , Shepherd T. G . The middle atmosphere Hadley circulation and equatorial inertial adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci. 2001; 58: 3077–3096.
- Shapiro R . Smoothing, filtering and boundary effects. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1970; 8: 359–387.
- Shaw N . Manual of Meteorology. 1931; Cambridge University Press, London.
- Smagorinsky J . Some aspects of the general circulation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1964; 90: 1–14.
- Smagorinsky J. , Manabe S. , Holloway Jr J. L . Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere. Mon. Wea. Rev. 1965; 93: 727–768.
- Stephens G. L. , Li J. , Wild M. , Clayson C. A. , Loeb N. , co-authors . An update on earth's energy balance in light of the latest global observations. Nat. Geosci. 2012; 5: 691–696.
- Strauss D. M. , Shukla J . A comparison of a GCM simulation of the seasonal cycle of the atmosphere with observations. Part 1: mean fields and the annual harmonic. Atmos. Ocean. 1988; 26: 541–574.
- Uppala S. M. , Kallberg P. W. , Simmons A. J. , Andrae U. , Da Costa Bechtold V. , co-authors . The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2005; 131: 2961–3012.
- Van Delden A. J. , Hinssen Y. B. L . PV-theta view of the zonal mean state of the atmosphere. Tellus A. 2012; 64: 18710. DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.18710.
- Washington W. M. , Parkinson C. L . An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling.
- Weaver C. P. , Ramanathan V . Deductions from a simple climate model: factors governing surface temperature and atmospheric thermal structure. J. Geophys. Res. 1995; 100: D6, 11585–11591.