Improving the multiannual, high-resolution modelling of biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea by using data assimilation

References

• Almroth-Rosell E. , Eilola K. , Hordoir R. , Meier H. E. M. , Hall P . Transport of fresh and resuspended particulate organic material in the Baltic Sea – a model study. J. Mar. Syst. 2011; 87: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckmann A. , Döscher R . A method for improved representation of dens water spreading over topography in geopotential-corrdinate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997; 27: 581–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström S. , Carlsson B . River runoff to the Baltic Sea: 1950–1990. Ambio. 1994; 23: 280–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counillon F. , Bertino L . Ensemble Optimal Interpolation: multivariate properties in the Gulf of Mexico. Tellus A. 2009; 61: 296–308.
   Google Scholar
• Daewel U. , Schrum C . Simulating long-term dynamics of the coupled North Sea and Baltic Sea ecosystem with ECOSMO II: model description and validation. J. Mar. Syst. 2013; 119: 30–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilola K. , Almroth-Rosell E. , Dieterich C. , Fransner F. , Höglund A. , co-authors . Modeling nutrient transports and exchanges of nutrients between shallow regions and the open Baltic Sea in present and future climate. Ambio. 2012; 41: 574–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilola K. , Almroth-Rosell E. , Meier H. E. M . Impact of saltwater inflows on phosphorus cycling and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. A 3D model study. Tellus A. 2014; 66 23985, DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v66.23985.
   Google Scholar
• Eilola K. , Gustafson B. G. , Kuznetsov I. , Meier H. E. M. , Neumann T. , co-authors . Evaluation of biogeochemical cycles in an ensemble of three state-of-the-art numerical models of the Baltic Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 2011; 88: 267–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilola K. , Meier H. E. M. , Almroth E . On the dynamics of oxygen, phosphorus and cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea; a model study. J. Mar. Syst. 2009; 75: 163–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evensen G . The Ensemble Kalman filter: theoretical formulation and practical implementation. Ocean Dynam. 2003; 53: 343–367.
   Google Scholar
• Fonselius S. , Valderrama J . One hundred years of hydrographic measurements in the Baltic Sea. J. Sea Res. 2003; 49: 229–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W . Estimating the volume and salt transports during a major inflow event in the Baltic Sea with the reanalysis of the hydrography based on 3DVAR. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2013; 118: 3103–3113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W. , She J. , Dobrynin M . A 20-year reanalysis experiment in the Baltic Sea using three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) method. Ocean Sci. 2012; 8(5): 827–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W. , She J. , Zhuang S . Application of an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation in a North/Baltic Sea model: assimilating temperature and salinity profiles. Ocean Model. 2011; 40: 227–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes R. , Köberle C. , Willebrand J . The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models. Clim. Dynam. 1991; 5: 211–226.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg W. W. , Friedrichs M. A. M. , Robinson A. R. , Rose K. A. , Schlitzer R. , co-authors . Skill assessment in ocean biological data assimilation. J. Mar. Syst. 2009; 76: 16–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson M. , Andersson L. , Axe P . Areal extent and volume of anoxia and hypoxia in the Baltic Sea, 1960–2011. Rep. Oceanogr. 2011; 42: 63.
   Google Scholar
• Hibler W. D . A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1979; 9: 817–846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunke E. C. , Dukowicz J. K . An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997; 27: 1849–1867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen F. , Schrum C. , Backhaus J . A climatological data set of temperature and salinity for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Ocean Dynam. 1999; 51(Suppl 9): 5–245.
   Google Scholar
• Kauker F. , Meier H. E. M . Modeling decadal variability of the Baltic Sea: 1. Reconstructing atmospheric surface data for the period 1902–1998. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 3267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann A. , Myrberg K. , Höflich K . A statistical approach to coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea based on the analysis of satellite data for 1990–2009. Oceanologia. 2012; 54(3): 369–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. , Meier H. E. M. , Axell L . Reanalyzing temperature and salinity on decadal time scales using the ensemble optimal interpolation data assimilation method and a 3-D ocean circulation model of the Baltic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2013; 118: 5536–5554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. , Yan C. X . Application of recursive filter to a three dimensional variational ocean data assimilation system. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 2010; 27: 293–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. , Zhao Y. L . Assimilation of temperature and salinity using isotropic and anisotropic recursive filters in Tropic Pacific. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2011; 30: 15–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. , Zhu J. , She J. , Zhuang S. Y. , Fu W. W. , co-authors . Assimilating temperature and salinity profile observations using an anisotropic recursive filter in a coastal ocean model. Ocean Model. 2009; 30: 75–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losa S. N. , Danilov S. , Schröter J. , Janjic T. , Nerger L. , co-authors . Assimilating NOAA SST data into the BSH operational circulation model for the North and Baltic Seas: Part 2. Sensitivity of the forecast's skill to the prior model error statistics. J. Mar. Syst. 2014; 120: 259–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losa S. N. , Danilov S. , Schröter J. , Nerger L. , Massmann S. , co-authors . Assimilating NOAA SST data into the BSH operational circulation model for the North and Baltic Seas: inference about the data. J. Mar. Syst. 2012; 105–108: 152–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maar M. , Møller E. F. , Larsen J. , Madsen K. S. , Wan Z. , co-authors . Ecosystem modelling across a salinity gradient from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Ecol. Model. 2011; 222(10): 1696–1711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårtensson S. , Meier H. E. M. , Pemberton P. , Haapala J . Ridged sea ice characteristics in the Arctic from a coupled multicategory sea ice model. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117: 00D15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthäus W. , Franck H . Characteristics of major Baltic inflows – a statistical analysis. Continent. Shelf Res. 1992; 12: 1375–1400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M . On the parameterization of mixing in three-dimensional Baltic Sea models. J. Geophys. Res. 2001; 106: 30997–31016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M . Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2007; 74: 610–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M. , Andersson H. C. , Dieterich C. , Eilola K. , Gustafsson B. G. , co-authors . Modeling the combined impact of changing climate and changing socio-economic development on the Baltic Sea environment in an ensemble of transient simulations for 1961–2099. Clim. Dynam. 2012; 39: 2421–2441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M. , Döscher R. , Coward A. C. , Nycander J. , Döös K . RCO – Rossby Centre regional Ocean climate model: Model description (version 1.0) and first results from the hindcast period 1992/93. SMHI Rep. Oceanogr. 1999; 26: 102.
   Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M. , Döscher R. , Faxen T . A multiprocessor coupled ice-ocean model for the Baltic Sea: application to the salt inflow. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 3273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M. , Eilola K. , Almroth E . Climate-related changes in marine ecosystems simulated with a three-dimensional coupled biogeochemical-physical model of the Baltic Sea. Clim. Res. 2011; 48: 31–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H. E. M. , Kauker F . Modeling decadal variability of the Baltic Sea: 2. Role of freshwater inflow and large-scale atmospheric circulation for salinity. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 3368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mort H. P. , Slomp C. P. , Gustafsson B. G. , Andersen T. J . Phosphorus recycling and burial in Baltic Sea sediments with contrasting redox conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2010; 74: 1350–1362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann T. , Eilola K. , Gustafsson B. , Müller-Karulis B. , Kuznetsov I. , co-authors . Extremes of temperature, oxygen and blooms in the Baltic Sea in a changing climate. Ambio. 2012; 41(6): 574–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke P. R. , Schiller A. , Griffin D. A. , Brassington G. B . Ensemble data assimilation for an eddy-resolving ocean model of the Australian Region. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 2005; 131: 3301–3311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omstedt A. , Edman M. , Claremar B. , Frodin P. , Gustafsson E. , co-authors . Future changes in the Baltic Sea acid-base (pH) and oxygen balances. Tellus B. 2012; 64 19586, DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.19586.
   Google Scholar
• Orlanski I . A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. J. Comput. Phys. 1976; 21: 251–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemberton P. , Funkquist L . Data assimilation experiments in the Baltic Sea. 9th HIROMB Scientific Workshop 2831. 2006. SMHI, Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• Reed D. C. , Slomp C. P. , Gustafsson B . Sedimentary phosphorus dynamics and the evolution of bottom-water hypoxia: a coupled benthic–pelagic model of a coastal system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2011; 56(3): 1075–1092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson P. , Jones C. G. , Willn U. , Ullerstig A. , Golvik S. , co-authors . The Rossby Centre Regional Climate model RCA3: model description and performance. Tellus A. 2011; 63: 4–23.
   Google Scholar
• Savchuk O. P. , Gustafsson B. G. , Rodriguez Medina M. , Sokolov A. V. , Wulff F. V . Nutrient Loads to the Baltic Sea. 1970–2006. 2012. Technical Report No. 5. Baltic Nest Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens D. P . The open boundary conditions in the United Kingdom fine-resolution Antarctic model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1991; 21: 1494–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väli G. , Meier H. E. M. , Elken J . Simulated halocline variability in the Baltic Sea and its impact on hypoxia during 1961–2007. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2013; 118: 6982–7000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J. , Zhou G. Q. , Yan C. X. , You X. B . A three-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation system: scheme and preliminary results. Sci. China (D). 2006; 49(12): 1212–1222.
   Google Scholar