Sulfur deposition onto European forests: throughfall data and model estimates

References

• Adema, E. H., Heeres, P. and Hulskotte, J. 1986. On the dry deposition of NH3, SO2 and NO2 on wet surfaces in a small scale windtunnel. Proceedings, 7th World Clean Air Congress. Sydney 25-29 September 1986, Vol. 2,1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Alcamo, J. and Posch, M. 1986. Effect of interannual meteorological variability on computed sulfur depo-sition in Europe. In: Atmospheric computations to assess acidffication in Europe: Work in progress (eds. J. Alcamo and J. Bartnicki). Research Report RR-86-5, IIASA, Laxenburg/Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Alcamo, J., Amann, M., Hettelingh, J.-P., Holmberg, M., Hordijk, L., Kämäri, J., Kauppi, L., Kauppi, P., Kornai, G. and Mäkeld, A. 1987. Acidification in Europe: a simulation model for evaluating control strategies. Ambio 16, 232–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcock, M. R. and Morton, A. J. 1985. The sulphur content and pH of rainfall and of throughfalls under pine and birch. J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 835–839.
   Google Scholar
• Alends, I. and Skärby, L. 1988. Throughfall and needle content of plant nutrients in relation to crown thinning in a Swedish spruce forest. Proceedings, Scientific basis of forest decline symptomalogy. Edin-burgh, Scotland, 21-24 March 1988,227-237.
   Google Scholar
• Asman, W. A. H., Slanina, J. and Baard, J. H. 1981. Meteorological interpretation of the chemical compo-sition of rain-water at one measuring site. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 16, 159–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredermeier, M. 1988. Forest canopy transformation of atmospheric deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 40, 121–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bückling, W. and Steinle, R. 1987. Small scale vari-ability of deposition in semi-natural forest ecosystems (in German). In: Air pollution and ecosystems (ed. P. Mathy). Dordrecht/The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publ. Comp., 486–492.
   Google Scholar
• Buldgen, P. and Remade, J. 1984. Sulphur budget in forested watersheds in Haute Ardenne region (Belgium). Proceedings, Acid deposition and sulphur cycle. Brussels/Belgium, 163–169.
   Google Scholar
• Dollard, G. J. and Unsworth, M. H. 1983. Field measurements of turbulent fluxes of wind-driven fog drops to a grass surface. Atmos. Environ. 17, 775–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draaijers, G. P. J., Ivens, W. P. M. F. and Bleuten, W. 1988. Atmospheric deposition in forest edges measured by monitoring canopy throughfall. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 42, 129–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliassen, A. and Saltbones, J. 1983. Modelling of long-range transport of sulphur over Europe: a two-year model run and some model experiments. Atnws. Environ. 17, 1457–1473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, D. 1984. Transfer to terrestrial surfaces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B305, 281–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garten, C. T., Bondietti, E. A. and Lomax, R. D. 1988. The contribution of foliar leaching and dry depo-sition to sulphate in net throughfall below deciduous trees. Atmos. Environ. 22, 1425–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgii, H. W., Grosch, S. and Schmitt, G. 1986. Assessment of dry and wet pollutant deposition to forests in the Federal Republic of Germany. Final report part A (in German). Frankfurt/FRG: Institut fiir Meteorologic und Geophysik, J. W. Goethe Universität, 237 p.
   Google Scholar
• Grennfelt, P., Larsson, S., Leyton, P. and Olsson, B. 1985. Atmospheric deposition in the Lake Gärdsjön area, SW Sweden. Ecol. Bull. 37, 101–108.
   Google Scholar
• Hantschel, R. 1987. Water- and element balance of damaged, fertilized Norway Spruce ecosystems in the Fichte( mountains, taking into account the soil physical and chemical heterogenity (in German). Bayreuth/ FRG: Bayreuth bodenkundliche Berichte, Band 3, 219 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hasselrot, B. and Grennfelt, P. 1987. Deposition of air pollutants in a wind exposed forest edge. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 34, 135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heil, G. W., Werger, M. J. A., de Mol, W., van Dam, D. and Heijne, B. 1988. Capture of atmospheric ammonium by grassland canopies. Science 239, 764–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, B. B., Wesely, M. L., Lindberg, S. E. and Bromberg, S. M. (eds.) 1986. Proceedings, NAPAP Workshop on Dry Deposition, 25-27 March 1986. Harpers Ferry, W-Virginia. Oak Ridge/USA: NOAA/ATDD, 77 p.
   Google Scholar
• Houdijk, A. L. F. M. and Roelofs, J. G. M. 1988. Deposition of acidifying compounds in Dutch forests, measured by throughfall (in Dutch). Nijmegen/The Netherlands: Vakgroep Aquatische Oecologie en Biogeologie, Universiteit van Nijmegen, 14 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hultberg, H. 1985. Budgets of base cations, chloride, nitrogen and sulphur in the acid Lake Gärdsjön catchment, SW Sweden. Ecol. Bull. 37,133–157.
   Google Scholar
• Ivens, W. P. M. F., Draaijers, G. P. J., Bos, M. M. and Bleuten, W. 1988. Dutch forests as air pollutant sinks in agricultural areas. Utrecht/The Netherlands: Department of Physical Geography, University of Utrecht, Report AD 1988-01,43 p.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. W., Richter, D., van Miegroet, H. and Kelly, J. M. 1986. Sulphur cycling in five forest ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 30, 965–979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kämäri, J. 1986. Linkage between atmospheric inputs and soil and water acidification. In: Atmospheric computations to assess acidification in Europe: Work in progress (eds. J. Alcamo and J. Bartnicki). Research Report RR-86-5, IIASA, Laxenburg/Austria, 76–83.
   Google Scholar
• Klöti, P. 1988. Project “Throughfall”, Final report 4.8.88 (in German). Birmensdorf/Switzerland: EAFV, 47 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmhaus, J., Saltbones, J. and Eliassen, A. 1986. A modified sulphur budget for Europe for 1980. Lilleström/Norway : NILU, EMEP/MSC-W Report 1/86,19 p.
   Google Scholar
• Leitat, E. and Fagot, J. 1987. Study of forest damage in Belgium: first results of one year precipitation collection at the research station Vielsalm (in French). In: Air pollution and ecosystems (ed. P. Mathy). Dordrecht/The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publ. Comp., 554–559.
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. and Johnson, D. W. 1986. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest. Science 231, 141–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett, G. M. and Reiners, W. A. 1986. Canopy structure and cloud water deposition in subalpine coniferous forests. Tellus 38B, 319–327.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, R. 1987. Throughfall and stemflow mechanisms: deposition pattern of air pollutants below vegetation cover. In: Pollution climates in Europe and their perception by terrestrial ecosystems, Air pollution research report 6. Brussels/Belgium: Commission of European Communities, 96–106.
   Google Scholar
• Meiwes, K. J. and Khanna, P. K. 1981. Distribution and cycling of sulphur in the vegetation of two forest ecosystems in an acid rain environment. Plant and Soil 60, 369–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, H. G. and Miller, J. D. 1980. Collection and retention of atmospheric pollutants by vegetation. In: Ecological impact of acid precipitation (eds. D. Drablos and A. Tollan). Norway: SNSF-Poject, 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, I. A., Cape, D., Fowler, D., Kinnard, J. W. and Paterson, I. S. 1980. Effects of a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) canopy on the chemical compo-sition and deposition pattern of precipitation. In: Ecological impact of acid precipitation (eds. D. Drablos and A. Tollan). Norway: SNSF-Poject, 148–149.
   Google Scholar
• Nihlgard, B. 1970. Precipitation, its chemical compo-sition and effect on soil water in a beech and a spruce forest in south Sweden. Oikos 21, 208–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD 1987. Environmental data, Compendium 1987. Paris/France: OECD, 365 p.
   Google Scholar
• Probst, A. and Dambrine, E. 1988. Comparison of the functioning and hydrochemical balance of watersheds at Aubure (Vosges) and at Mont-Lozer (Massif Central) (in French). Strasbourg/France: Institut de Geologic, 45 p.
   Google Scholar
• Rapp, M. 1973. Le cycle biogéochimique du soufre dans une foret de Quercus ilex L. du sud de la France. Oecol. Plant 8 (4), 325–334.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, L. 1987. Input/output budgets and internal cycling of elements in three spruce forest ecosystems in Denmark. Proceedings, Geomon-International workshop on geochemistry and monitoring in rep-resentative basins. Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1987,13–15.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, T. M., Clarke, T. A., Imeson, P. and Gray, T. R. 1980. Effects of sulphur deposition on litter decomposition and nutrient leaching in coniferous forest soils. In: Effects of acid precipitation on terres-trial ecosystems (eds. T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas). Plenum Press, 381–393.
   Google Scholar
• Skeffington, R. A. 1983. Soil properties under three species of tree in southern England in relation to acid deposition in throughfall. In: Effects of Accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems (eds. B. Ulrich and J. Pankrath). Dordrecht/The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publ. Comp., 219–231.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, P. A. 1987. Throughfall chemistry beneath Sitka spruce of four ages in Beddgelert Forest, North Wales, UK. Plant and Soil 101, 291–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breemen, N., Burrough, P. A., Velthorst, E. J., van Dobben, H. F., de Wit, T., de Ridder, T. B. and Reijnders, H. F. R. 1982. Soil acidification from atmospherip ammonium sulphate in forest canopy throughfall. Nature 299, 548–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breemen, N., Visser, W. J. F. and Pape, Th. (eds.) 1988. Biogeochemistry of an oak woodland affected by atmospheric deposition. Agr. Res. Repts. 930. Wageningen/The Netherlands: Pudoc.
   Google Scholar
• Verstraten, J. M., Duijsings, J. J. H. M., Bruynzeel, L. A., Bouten, W. and van Wijk, A. J. 1984. Bio- chemical balance study of a forest ecosystem east of Winterswijk (in Dutch). In: Zure Regen, oorzaken, effecten en beleid (eds. E. H. Adema and J. van Ham). Wageningen/The Netherlands: Pudoc, 113–120.
   Google Scholar
• WMO (World Meteorological Organization) 1988. Meeting on the assessment of the meteorological aspects of the third phase of EMEP. W MO Report on Environmental Monitoring and Research Programme, number 48.
   Google Scholar