Seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in the free troposphere at mid-latitudes

References

• Baulch, D. L., Bowers, M., Malcolm, D. C. and Tuckerman, R. T. 1986. Evaluated kinetic data for high temperature reactions, Vol. 5, Part 1. Homo-geneous Gas Phase Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical with Alkanes. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data. 15, 465–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. R. and Rowland, F. S. 1986. Global atmospheric concentrations and source strength of ethane. Nature 321, 231–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonsang, B., Kanakidou, M., Lambert, G. and Monfray, P. 1988. The Marine Source of C2-05 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. J. Atmos. Chem. 6, 3–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, R., Goudena, E. R. G., Guicherit, R., Hoogeveen, A. and de Vreede, J. A. F. 1978. Atmospheric Precursors and Oxidants Concentrations in the Netherlands. Photochemical smog formation in the Netherlands (ed. R. Guicherit). Delft, Netherlands, TNO 20–59.
   Google Scholar
• Brice, K. A., Bottenheim, J. W., Anlauf, K. G. and Wiebe, H. A. 1988. Long-term measurements of atmospheric peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) at rural sites in Ontario and Nova Scotia; seasonal variations and long-range transport. Tellus 40B, 408–425.
   Google Scholar
• Brice, K. A., Derwent, R. G., Eggleton, A. E. J. and Penkett, S. A. P. 1982. Measurements of CC13F and CC14 at Harwell over the period January 1975-June 1981 and the atmospheric lifetime of CC13F. Atmos. Environ. 16, 2543–2554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocks, A. R. and Fletcher, I. S. 1988. Major factors influencing gasphase chemistry in power-plant plumes during long-range transport-I. Release time and dispersion rate for dispersion into a rural ambient atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 22, No. 4, 663–676.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, R. A. 1988. Atmospheric Chemistry of NQ and Hydrocarbons Influencing Tropospheric Ozone. Tropospheric ozone-regional and global scale interactions. NATO ASI Series (ed. I. S. A. Isaksen). Dordrecht, Netherlands, Reidel, 263–292.
   Google Scholar
• Cruzen, P. J. 1982. The Global Distribution of Hydroxyl. Atmospheric Chemistry. Dahlem Konferenzen (ed. E. D. Goldberg). Berlin, Heidelberg, N.Y. Springer-Verlag, 313–328.
   Google Scholar
• Demerjian, K. L., Kerr, J. A. and Calvert, J. G. 1974. The mechanism of photochemical smog formation. Adv. Env. Sci. Tech. 4, 1–262.
   Google Scholar
• Derwent, R. G. and Hov, O. 1979. Computer modelling studies of photochemical air pollution formation in North West Europe. Report AERE-R 9434, UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ehhalt, D. H., Rudolph, J., Meixner, F. and Schmidt, U. 1985. Measurements of Selected C2-05 Hydro-carbons in the Background Troposphere: Vertical and Latitudinal Variations. J. Atmos. Chem. 3, 29–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, J., Solomon, S. and Crutzen, P. J. 1979. Observational and theoretical evidence in support of a significant in-situ photochemical source of tropo-spheric ozone. Tellus 31, 432–446.
   Google Scholar
• Guicherit, R. 1988. Ozone on an Urban and Regional Scale. Tropospheric ozone-regional and global scale interactions. NATO ASI Series (ed. I. S. A. Isaksen). Dordrecht, Netherlands, Reidel, 49–62.
   Google Scholar
• Herbert, G. A., Harris, J. M. and Bodhaine, B. A. 1989. Atmospheric transport during AGASP-11: the Alaskan flights (2-10 April 1986). Atmos. Environ. 23, 2521–2535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough, A. and Derwent, R. G. 1988. Computer modelling studies of the distribution of photochemical ozone production between different hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. 21, 2015–2034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough, A. M. 1986. The production of photochemical pollution in Southern England the the effects of vehicle exhaust emission control strategies. Report AERE-R 12069, UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hov, O., Penkett, S. A., Isaksen, I. S. A. and Semb, A. 1984. Organic gases in the Norwegian Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 425–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksen, I. S. A., Hov, O., Penkett, S. A. and Semb, A. 1985. Model analysis of the measured concentration of organic gases in the Norwegian Arctic. J. Atmos. Chem. 3, 3–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, J. A. and Calvert, J. G. 1984. Chemical Transformation Modules for Eulerian Acid Deposition Models. Vol. 1, The Gas Phase Chemistry. NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S. C. 1988. Model studies of background ozone formation in tropospheric ozone. Tropospheric ozone-regional and global scale interactions. NATO ASI Series (ed. I. S. A. Isaksen). Dordrecht, Netherlands, Reidel, 303–318.
   Google Scholar
• Nutmagul, W. and Cronn, D. R. 1985. Determination of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection. J. Atmos. Chem. 2,415–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penkett, S. A. 1982. Non-methane Organics in the Remote Troposphere. Atmospheric chemistry, Dahlem Konferenzen (ed. E. D. Goldberg). Berlin, Heidelberg, NY, Springer-Verlag, 329–355.
   Google Scholar
• Penkett, S. A. 1988. The oxidising capacity of the atmosphere. The changing atmosphere, Dahlem Konferenzen (eds. F. S. Rowland and I. S. A. Isaksen). Chichester, NY, Wiley, 91–103.
   Google Scholar
• Penkett, S. A. and Brice, K. A. 1986. The spring maximum in photo-oxidants in the Northern Hemi-sphere. Nature 319, 655–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penkett, S. A., Brice, K. A., Derwent, R. G. and Eggleton, A. E. J. 1979. Measurement of CCI3F and CC14 at Harwell over the period January 1975-November 1977. Atmos. Environ. 13, 1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PORG, 1987. United Kingdom Photochemical Oxidants Review Group (R. G. Derwent, Chairman), Interim Report, Harwell, UK, Department of the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Raatz, W. E. 1989. An anticyclonic point of view on low-level tropospheric long-range transport. Atmos. Environ. 23, 2501–2504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahn, K. A. 1981. Relative importances of North America and Eurasia as sources of arctic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1447–1455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph, J. and Ehhalt, D. H. 1981. Measurements of C2-05 hydrocarbons over the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 11959–11964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph, J., Ehhalt, D. H. and Gravenhorst, G. 1980. Recent measurements of light hydrocarbons in remote areas. Proc. 1st European Symposium on the Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants (eds. B. Versino and H. Ott). Ispra, Italy, JRC 41–51.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, K. and Westberg, H. 1984. Non-methane Hydrocarbon Composition of Urban and Rural Atmospheres. Atmos. Environ. 18 (6), 1125–1132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. E. 1981. Eddy diffusion transport of arctic pollution from the mid-latitudes: a preliminary model. Atmos. Environ. 15,1483-1490.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, H. B. and Salas, L. J. 1982. Measurement of selected light hydrocarbons over the Pacific Ocean: Latitudinal and seasonal variations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 842–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar