The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate

References

• Ajtay, G. L., Ketner, P. and Duvigneaud, P. 1979. Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. In: The global carbon cycle (ed. B. Bolin, E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner). Chichester/U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 129–181.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. M. 1973. Carbon dioxide evolution from two temperate, deciduous woodland soils. J. Appl. Ecol 10, 361–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armentano, T. V. and Menges, E. S. 1986. Patterns of change in the carbon balance of organic soil-wetlands of the temperate zone. J. Ecol. 74,755–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera, N. and Pati, D. P. 1986. Carbon budget of a protected tropical grassland with reference to primary production and total soil respiration. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 23, 167–181.
   Google Scholar
• Belkovskiy, V. I. and Reshetnik, A. P. 1981. Dynamics of CO2 liberation from peat soil under various uses. Soy. Soil Sci. 1981, 56–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bilés, G., Cortez, J. and Lossaint, P. 1971. L'activité biologique des sols dans les écosystèmes méditerranéens. (I). Mineralisation du carbone. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 8, 375–395.
   Google Scholar
• Bilés, G., Cortez, J., Lossaint, P., Lafont, F. and Prioton, J. 1975. Etude comparative de l'activité biologique des sols sous peuplements arbustifs et her-baths de la garrigue méditerranéenne. (I). Mineralisation du carbone et de l'azote. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 12, 115–139.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., Luken, J. O., Mortensen, D. A. and Peterson, K. M. 1982. Arctic tundra: A source or sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in a changing climate? Oecologia 53, 7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., Peterson, K. M. and Shaver, G. R. 1978. Growth, turnover, and respiration rates of roots and tillers in tundra graminoids. In: Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan arctic tundra (ed. L. L. Tieszen). New York: Springer-Verlag, 415–434.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, B. 1983. Changing global biogeochemistry. In Oceanography. The present and the future (ed. P. Brewer). New York/New York: Springer-Verlag, 305–326.
   Google Scholar
• Box, E. 1978. Geographical dimensions of terrestrial net and gross primary productivity. Rad. and Environm. Biophys. 15,305–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge, B. J., Mott, J. J. and Hartigan, R. J. 1983. The formation of degraded areas in the dry savanna woodlands of northern Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21, 91–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, G. A., Folkoff, M. E. and Box, E. O. 1983. A world model of soil carbon dioxide. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8,79–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. and Macfadyen, A. 1969. Soil carbon dioxide output and small-scale vegetation pattern in a Calluna heath. Oikos 8, 8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Buyanovsky, G. A., Kucera, C. L. and Wagner, G. H. 1987. Comparative analyses of carbon dynamics in native and cultivated ecosystems. Ecology 68, 2023–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyanovsky, G. A., Wagner, G. H. and Gantzer, C. J. 1986. Soil respiration in a winter wheat ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50, 338–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, M. M., White, R. S., Moore, R. T. and Camp, L. B. 1977. Carbon balance, productivity, and water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by C3 and C4 species. Oecologia 29, 275–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlyle, J. C. and Than, U. B. 1988. Abiotic controls of soil respiration beneath an eighteen-year-old Pinus radiata stand in south-eastern Australia. J. Ecol. 76, 654–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Miller, P. C., Billings, W. D. and Coyne, P. I. 1980. Carbon and nutrient budgets and their control in coastal tundra. In: An arctic ecosystem: The coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska (ed. J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen and F. L. Bunnell). Stroudsburg/Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 458–482.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., Vitousek, P. M. and Van Cleve, K. 1986. The nature of nutrient limitation in plant communities. Am. Nat. 127, 48–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, S. B. 1979. Some interrelationships between soil and root respiration in lowland Calluna heathland in Southern England. J. Ecol. 67, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clymo, R. S. and Reddaway, E. J. F. 1971. Productivity of Spagnum (bog-moss) and peat accumulation. Hidrobiologia 12, 181–192.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, D. C. 1973. Soil carbon balance in a succes-sional grassland. Oikos 24, 195–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, D. C., Andrews, R., Ellis, J. E. and Singh, J. S. 1976. Energy flow and partitioning in selected man-managed and natural ecosystems. Agro-Ecosystems 3, 45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutzen, P. J. and Andreae, M. O. 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong, E., Schappert, H. J. V. and MacDonald, K. B. 1974. Carbon dioxide evolution from virgin and cultivated soil as affected by management practices and climate. Can. J. Soil Sci. 54,299–307.
   Google Scholar
• Dörr, H. and Miinnich, K. O. 1987. Annual variation in soil respiration in selected areas of the temperate zone. Tellus 39B, 114–121.
   Google Scholar
• Dregne, H. E. 1976. Soils of arid regions. Amsterdam/ Holland: Elsevier Publ. Comp.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. T. 1982. The use of soda-lime for measuring respiration rates in terrestrial systems. Pedobiologia 23, 321–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. T. and Harris, W. F. 1977. Carbon cycling in a mixed deciduous forest floor. Ecology 58,431–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. T., Johnson, D. W., McLaughlin, S. B. and Harris, W. R. 1989. Carbon dynamics and productivity. In: Analysis of biogeochemical cycling processes in Walker Branch Watershed (ed. D. W. Johnson and R. I. Van Hook). New York/New York: Springer-Verlag, 197–232.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. T. and Ross-Todd, B. M. 1979. The effects of stem girdling on biogeochemical cycles within a mixed deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee. I. Soil solution chemistry, soil respiration, litterfall and root biomass studies. Oecologia 40, 247–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. T. and Ross-Todd, B. M. 1983. Soil carbon dynamics in a mixed deciduous forest following clear-cutting with and without residual removal. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 47, 1014–1021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, R. C. 1969. The respiration of the soil beneath some Eucalyptus forest stands as related to the productivity of the stands. Aust. J. Soil Res. 7, 349–357.
   Google Scholar
• Ewel, K. C., Cropper, W. P., Jr., and Gholz, H. L. 1987a. Soil CO2 evolution in Florida slash pine plantations. I. Changes through time. Can. J. For. Res. 17, 325–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewel, K. C., Cropper, W. P., Jr., and Gholz, H. L. 1987b. Soil CO2 evolution in Florida slash pine plantations. II. Importance of root respiration. Can. J. For. Res. 17, 330–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouseki, E., and Margaris, N. S. 1981. Soil metabolism and decomposition in a Phryganic (East Mediter-ranean) ecosystem. Oecologia 50, 417–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, I. Y., Tucker, C. J. and Prentice, K. C. 1987. Application of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Vegetation Index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2. J. Geophys. Res. 93 ( D3), 2999–3015.
   Google Scholar
• Garret, H. and Cox, G. 1973. Carbon dioxide evolution from the floor of an oak-hickory forest. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 37, 641–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giblin, A. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Shaver, G. R., Laundre, J. A. and McKerrow, A. J. 1991. Biogeochemical diversity along a riverside toposequence in arctic Alaska. EcoL Monogr. 61, 415–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. M., Schlentner, R. E. and Van Cleve, K. 1987. Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and CO2 evolution following harvesting in the white spruce forests of interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 17,304–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, S. R. and Singh, J. S. 1981. Soil respiration in a tropical grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13, 261–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havas, P. and Mäenpää, E. 1972. Evolution of carbon dioxide at the floor of a Hylocomium Myrtillus type spruce forest. Aquillo Ser. Bot. 11, 4–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, O. Q., Chatarpaul, L. and Burgess, D. 1989. Nutrient cycling following whole-tree harvest in northern mixed forest. Can. J. For. Res. 19, 725–735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, J. A., Hodgen, M. J. and Lamb, D. 1990. Soil respiration in the seasonally dry topics near Townsville, North Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28, 737–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. and Ephraums, J. J. 1990. Climate change: The IPCC assessment. Cambridge/U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. A. and Woodwell, G. M. 1989. Global climatic change. Sci. Am. 260, 36–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes, B. L., Dacey, J. W. H. and Teal, J. M. 1985. Annual carbon mineralization and belowground production of Spartina alterniflora in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 66,595–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, J. N. 1980. The record of peat wastage in the East Anglian fenlands at Holm Post, 1848-1978. J. Ecol. 68, 229–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E. and Wild, A. 1991. Global warming and soil organic matter. Nature 351, 304–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, M., Kaplan, W. A. and Wofsy, S. C. 1986. Emissions of N20, CH4, and CO2 from tropical forest soils. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 11791–11802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirita, H. 1971a. Re-examination of the absorption method of measuring soil respiration under field conditions. III. Combined effect of the covered ground area and the surface area of KOH solution on CO,-absorption rates. Jap. J. Ecol. 21, 43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kirita, H. 1971b. Studies of soil respiration in warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forests of southwestern Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 21, 230–244.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalenko, C. G., Ivarson, K. C. and Cameron, D. R. 1978. Effect of moisture content, temperature and nitrogen fertilization on carbon dioxide evolution from field soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 417–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera, C. and Kirkham, D. 1971. Soil respiration studies in tallgrass prairie in Missouri. Ecology 52, 912–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kursar, T. A. 1989. Evaluation of soil respiration and soil CO2 concentration in a lowland moist forest in Panama. Plant Soil 113, 21–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamotte, M. 1975. The structure and function of a tropical savanna. In: Tropical ecological systems: trends in terrestrial and aquatic research (ed. F. B. Golley and E. Medina). New York/New York: Springer-Verlag, 179–222.
   Google Scholar
• Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J. 1988. Global air temperature and precipitation data archive. Newark/ Delaware: Dept. Geography, Univ. Delaware.
   Google Scholar
• Luken, J. O. and Billings, W. D. 1985. The influence of microtopographic heterogeneity on carbon dioxide efflux from a subarctic bog. Holarctic Ecol. 8, 306–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundegkdh, H. 1927. Carbon dioxide evolution and crop growth. Soil Sci. 23, 417–453.
   Google Scholar
• Maldague, M. E. and Hilger, F. 1963. Observations faunistiques et microbiologiques dans quelques bio-topes forestiers equatoriaux. In: Soil organisms (ed. J. Doeksen and J. van der Drift). Amsterdam/Holland: North-Holland Publ. Comp., 368–374.
   Google Scholar
• Marland, G. and Rotty, R. M. 1984. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels: a procedure for estimation and results for 1950-1982. Tellus 36B, 232–261.
   Google Scholar
• Martel, Y. A. and Paul, E. A. 1974. Effects of cultivation on the organic matter of grassland soils as determined by fractionation and radiocarbon dating. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53, 419–426.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Mariotti, A., Balasdent, J., Lavelle, P. and Vuattoux, R. 1990. Estimate of organic matter turn-over rate in a savanna soil by '3C natural abundance measurements. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22, 517–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes, K. and Schriefer, T. 1985. Soil respiration during secondary succession: Influence of temperature and moisture. Soil BioL Biochem. 17, 205–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, E. 1983. Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution data bases for climate studies. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22, 474–487.
   Google Scholar
• Meentemeyer, V. 1978. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Ecology 59, 465–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meentemeyer, V., Box, E. O. and Thompson, R. 1982. World patterns and amounts of terrestrial plant litter production. BioSci. 32, 125–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteith, J. L., Szeicz, G. and Yabuki, K. 1964. Crop photosynthesis and the flux of carbon dioxide below the canopy. J. Appl. Ecol. 1, 321–337.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, T. R. 1986. Carbon dioxide evolution from sub-arctic peatlands in eastern Canada. Arctic Alpine Res. 18, 189–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, T. R. 1989. Plant production, decomposition, and carbon efflux in a subarctic patterned fen. Arctic Alpine Res. 21, 156–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, T. R. and Knowles, R. 1989. The influence of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from peatland soils. Can. J. Soil. Sci. 69, 33–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. T. 1988. Pathways and controls of the carbon cycle in salt marshes. In: The ecology and management of wetlands, Volume 1: Ecology of wetlands (ed. K. K. Hook, W. H. McKee, Jr., H. K. Smith, J. Gregory, V. H. Burrell, Jr., M. R. DeVoe, R. E. Sojka, S. Gilbert, R. Banks, L. H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T. D. Matthews, and T. H. Shear). Portland/Oregon: Timber Press, 497–510.
   Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer, K. J. and Raich, J. W. 1992. Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Ecol. 73, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Nakane, K. 1975. Dynamics of soil organic matter in different parts on a slope under evergreen oak forest. Jap. J. Ecol. 25, 206–216.
   Google Scholar
• Nakane, K. 1980. Comparative studies of cycling of soil organic carbon in three primeval moist forests. Jap. J. Ecol. 30, 155–172.
   Google Scholar
• Nakane, K., Tsubota, H. and Yamamoto, M. 1984. Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest. I. Before a clear-felling. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 97, 39–60.
   Google Scholar
• Nakane, K., Tsubota, H. and Yamamoto, M. 1986. Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest. II. Changes occurring in the first year after a clear-felling. EcoL Res. 1, 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, B. J. and Stout, J. D. 1978. Movement and turn-over of soil organic matter as indicated by carbon isotope measurements. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 309–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell, A. M. 1987. Litter decomposition, soil respiration and soil chemical and biochemical properties at three contrasting sites in karri (Eucalyptus diver-sicolor F. Muell.) forests of south-western Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 12, 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa, H. 1978. Litter production and carbon cycling in Pasoh Forest. Malay. Nat. J. 30, 367–373.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, J. S., Watts, J. A. and Allison, L. J. 1983. Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. Oak aRidge/Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Parker, L. W., Miller, J., Steinberger, Y. and Whitford, W. G. 1983. Soil respiration in a Chihuahuan desert rangeland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15, 303–309.
   Google Scholar
• Paustian, K., Andren, O., Clarholm, M., Hansson, A.-C., Johansson, G., Lagerlof, J., Lindberg, T., Pettersson, R. and Sohlenius, B. 1990. Carbon and nitrogen budgets of four agro-ecosystems with annual and perennial crops, with and without N fertilization. J. Appl. Ecol 27, 60–84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, D. K. and Miller, P. C. 1982. Carbon dioxide flux from three arctic tundra types in north-central Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic Alpine Res. 14, 27–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raich, J. W., Bowden, R. D. and Steudler, P. A. 1990. Comparison of two static chamber techniques for determining carbon dioxide efflux from forest soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 54, 1754–1757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raich, J. W. and Nadelhoffer, K. J. 1989. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: global trends. Ecology 70, 1346–1354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajvanshi, R. and Gupta, S. R. 1986. Soil respiration and carbon balance in a tropical Dalbergia sissoo forest ecosystem. Flora 178, 251–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiners, W. A. 1968. Carbon dioxide evolution from the floor of three Minnesota forests. Ecology 49, 471–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinke, J. J., Adriano, D. C. and McLeod, K. W. 1981. Effects of litter alteration on carbon dioxide evolution from a South Carolina pine forest floor. Soil Sci Soc. Amer. J. 45, 620–623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repnevskaya, M. A. 1967. Liberation of CO2 from soil in the pine stands of the Kola Peninsula. Soy. Soil ScL 1967, 1067–1072.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, B. N. 1981. Forest floor dynamics. In: Produc-tivity in perpetuity. Proceedings of the Forest Nutrition Workshop, Canberra, Australia. Canberra/Australia: CSIRO Division of Forest Research, 145–157.
   Google Scholar
• Risser, P. G., Birney, E. C., Blocker, H. D., May, S. W., Parton, W. J. and Wiens, J. A. 1981. The true prairie ecosystem. Stroudsburg/Pennsylvania: Hutchinson Ross Publ. Comp.
   Google Scholar
• Rout, S. K. and Gupta, S. R. 1989. Soil respiration in relation to abiotic factors, forest floor litter, root biomass and litter quality in forest ecosystems of Siwaliks in northern India. Acta Oecologica 10, 229–244.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 1985. SAS procedures guide for personal computers. Cary/North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Schlentner, R. E. and Van Cleve, K. 1985. Relationships between CO2 evolution from soil, substrate temperature, and substrate moisture in four mature forest types in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 15, 97–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleser, G. H. 1982. The response of CO2 evolution from soils to global temperature changes. Z. Natur-forsch. 37a, 287–291
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1977. Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8, 51–81.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1984. Soil organic matter: A source of atmospheric CO2. In: The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle: Measurement by remote sensing (ed. G. M. Woodwell). Chichester/U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 111–127.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1985. The formation of caliche in soils of the Mojave Desert, California. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 57–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1991. Biogeochernistry: An analysis of global change. San Diego/California: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. and Melack, J. M. 1981. Transport of organic carbon in the world's rivers. Tellus 33, 172–187.
   Google Scholar
• Silvola, J. 1986. Carbon dioxide dynamics in mires reclaimed for forestry in eastern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici 23, 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Silvola, J., Välijoki, J. and Aaltonen, H. 1985. Effect of draining and fertilization on soil respiration at three ameliorated peatland sites. Acta For. Fenn. 191, 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J. S. and Gupta, S. R. 1977. Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems. Bot. Rev. 43,449–528.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K. P. and Shekhar, C. 1986. Seasonal pattern of total soil respiration, its fractionation and soil carbon balance in a wheat-maize rotation cropland at Varanasi. Pedobiologia 29, 305–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, U. R. and Shukla, A. N. 1977. Soil respiration in relation to mesofaunal and mycofloral populations during rapid course of decomposition on the floor of a tropical dry deciduous forest. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 14, 363–370.
   Google Scholar
• Skjemstad, J. O., Le Feuvre, R. P. and Prebble, R. E. 1990. Turnover of soil organic matter under pasture as determined by 13C natural abundance. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28, 267–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. J., Delaune, R. D. and Patrick, W. H., Jr. 1983. Carbon dioxide emission and carbon accumulation in coastal wetlands. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 17, 21–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, A. M., Trabalka, J. R., Reichle, D. E. and Voorhees, L. D. 1985. The global cycle of carbon. In: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the global carbon cycle (ed. J. R. Trabalka). DOE/ER-0239. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 1-13.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson, B. H. 1980. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from the ombrotrophic parts of a subarctic mire. EcoL Bull. 30, 235–250.
   Google Scholar
• Tesarova, M. and Gloser, J. 1976. Total CO2 output from alluvial soils with two types of grassland communities. Pedobiologia 16, 364–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi, T., Nishitani, Y. and Sakai, M. 1985. On the effects of soil fertility on the rate of soil respiration in a forest. Jap. J. Ecol. 35, 207–214.
   Google Scholar
• Tulaphitak, T., Pairintra, C. and Kyuma, K. 1983. Soil fertility and tilth. In: Shifting cultivation (ed. K. Kyuma and C. Pairintra). Kyoto/Japan: Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 63–83.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyaya, S. D., Siddiqui, S. A. and Singh, V. P. 1981. Seasonal variation in soil respiration of certain tropical grassland communities. Trop. Ecol. 22, 157–161.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyaya, S. D. and Singh, V. P. 1981. Microbial turn-over of organic matter in a tropical grassland soil. Pedobiologia 21, 100–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleve, K., Oechel, W. C. and Hom, J. L. 1990. Response of black spruce (Picea mariana) ecosystems to soil temperature modification in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 1530–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleve, K. and Sprague, D. 1971. Respiration rates in the forest floor of birch and aspen stands in interior Alaska. Arctic Alpine Res. 3, 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, K. A., Edmonds, R. L., Antos, G. C. and Vogt, D. J. 1980. Relationships between CO2 evolution, ATP concentrations and decomposition in four forest ecosystems in western Washington. Oikos 35, 72–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C. and Vogt, D. J. 1986. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus in world forests. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15, 303–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vugakov, P. S. and Popova, Y. E. P. 1968. Carbon dioxide regime in soils of the Krasnoyarsk forest steppe. Soy. Soil Sci. 1968, 795–801.
   Google Scholar
• Warembourg, F. R. and Paul, E. A. 1977. Seasonal transfers of assimilated “C in grassland: Plant production and turnover, soil and plant respiration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 9, 295–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring, R. H. and Schlesinger, W. H. 1985. Forest ecosystems: Concepts and management. Orlando/ Florida: Academic Press, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M. G. 1985. Forest soil respiration in eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 15, 1069–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M. G. 1990. Forest soil respiration after cutting and burning in immature aspen ecosystems. For. Ecol. Managem. 31, 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. H. and Likens, G. E. 1973. Carbon in the biota. In: Carbon and the biosphere (ed. G. M. Woodwell and E. V. Pecan). CONF 720510. Springfield/Virginia: U.S. National Technical Information Service, 281–302.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. H. and Likens, G. E. 1975. The biosphere and man. In: Primary productivity of the biosphere (ed. H. Lieth and R. H. Whittaker). New York/New York: Springer-Verlag, 305–328.
   Google Scholar
• Wildung, R. E., Garland, T. R. and Buschbom, R. L. 1975. The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7, 373–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C., Harriss, R. C. and Kaplan, W. A. 1988. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the Amazon basin. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1377–1387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodwell, G. M. and Botkin, D. B. 1970. Metabolism of terrestrial ecosystems by gas exchange techniques: the Brookhaven approach. In: Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems (ed. D. E. Reichle). Berlin/Germany: Springer-Verlag, 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Yoneda, T. and Kirita, H. 1978. Soil respiration. In: Biological production in a warm-temperate evergreen oak forest of Japan (ed. T. Kira, Y. Ono, and T. Hosokawa). Tokyo/Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 239–249.
   Google Scholar
• Yoneda, T. and Okata, H. 1987. An assessment of root respiration in a Solidago altissima community. Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University, Ser. III, 36, 147–158.
   Google Scholar