Longitudinally different variations of lower tropospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the North Pacific Ocean

References

• Andrie, C., Oudot, C., Genthon, C. and Merlivat, L. 1986. CO2 fluxes in the tropical Atlantic during FOCAL cruises. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 11741–11755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacastow, R. B. 1976. Modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the Southern Oscillation. Nature 261, 116–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacastow, R. B. 1977. Influence of the southern oscillation on atmospheric carbon dioxide. In: The fate of fossil fuel CO2 in the oceans (ed. by N. R. Andersen and A. Malahoff), New York. Plenum Press, 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Bacastow, R. B., Adams, J. A., Keeling, C. D., Moss, D. J. and Whorf, T. P. 1980. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the Southern Oscillation, and the weak 1975 El Niflo. Science 210, 66–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, T. A., Kanciruk, P. and Farrell, M. P. 1990. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. In: Trends '90, A Compendium of data on global change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, 8–88.
   Google Scholar
• Broecker, W. S., Spenser, D. W. and Craig, H. 1982. Hydrographic Data 1973-1974. Chapter 3 Carbonate chemistry. In: GEOSECS PACIFIC EXPEDITION 3, NSF. Washington D.C., 77–105.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J., Tans, P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Masarie, K. A. and Gammon, R. H. 1988. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-1984. Tellus 40B, 81–115.
   Google Scholar
• DWM. 1989. Sea level, 850 mb, 700 mb and 500 mb charts with synoptic data tabulations. In: Daily Weather Maps. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Etcheto, J. and Merlivat, L. 1988. Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean-atmosphere interface: A first step. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 15669–15678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feely, R. A., Gammon, R. H., Taft, B. A., Pullen, P. E., Waterman, L. S., Conway, T. J., Gendron, J. F. and Wisegarver, D. P. 1987. Distribution of chemical tracers in the eastern equatorial Pacific during and after the 1982-83 El Nifto/Southern Oscillation Event, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 6545–6558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francey, R. J. 1985. Cape Grim isotope measurements -A preliminary assessment. J. Atmos. Chem. 3, 247–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fushimi, K. 1987. Variation of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the western North Pacific surface water during the 1982/83 El Nino Event, Tellus 39B, 214–227.
   Google Scholar
• GA NL. 1987,1989. 15-L Global Analysis Monthly Tape Data Set. In: Monthly Tape for GL-Objective Analysis Data Set on Lat, Lon, Grid and GL-Spectral Model with Complete Physics. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, L. I. and Jones, L. B. 1973. The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressure in sea water. Mar. Chem. 1, 317–322.
   Google Scholar
• Halter, C. H., Harris, J. M. and Conway, T. J. 1988. Component Signals in the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at American Samoa. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 15914–15918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, H. and Sugimura, Y. 1985. Carbon isotopic fractionation during the CO2 exchange process between air and sea water under equilibrium and kinetic conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 2453–2460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, H., Sugimura, Y. and Fushimi, K. 1987. pCO2 and (513C in the air and surface sea water in the western North Pacific. Tellus 39B, 228–242.
   Google Scholar
• Inoue, H. and Sugimura, Y. 1988a. Distribution and variations of oceanic carbon dioxide in the western North Pacific, eastern Indian, and Southern Ocean south of Australia. Tellus 40B, 308–320.
   Google Scholar
• Inoue, H. and Sugimura, Y. 1988b. Distribution of the pCO2 in surface seawater of the western and central equatorial Pacific during the 1986/87 El Nino/ Southern Oscillation event. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1499–1502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahne, B., Huber, W., Dutzi, A., Wais, T. and Ilmberger, J. 1984. Wind/wave tunnel experiment on the Schmidt number and wave field dependence of air/water exchange. In: Gas transfer at water surfaces (eds. W. Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka). Dordrecht/Holland: D. Reidel Publ. Comp., 237–246.
   Google Scholar
• JAPACS. 1989. Preliminary result of JAPACS-89 cruise (ed. T. Muneyama). Japan Marine Science and Technology Center. Yokosuka. Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D. 1968. Carbon dioxide in surface ocean waters. 4. Global distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4543–4553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Carter, A. F. and Mook, W. G. 1984. Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in the abundance and isotopic ratios of atmospheric CO2. 2. Results from oceanographic cruises in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4615–4628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wong, C. S. and Bellegay, R. D. 1985. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Ocean Weather station P from 1969 to 1981. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 10511–10528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D. and Revelle, R. 1985. Effects of El Niiio/ Southern Oscillation on the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide. Meteoritics 20, 437–450.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Carter, A. F., Piper, S. C., Whorl, T. P., Heimann, M., Mook, W. G. and Roeloffozen, H. 1989. A-three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1-Observational data and preliminary Analysis. In: Aspect of climate variability in the Pacific and western America (ed. D. M. Peterson). AGU Geophysical Monograph. Washington D.C., 165–236.
   Google Scholar
• Komhyr, W. D., Gammon, R. H., Harris, T. B., Waterman, L. S., Conway, T. J., Taylor, W. R. and Thoning, K. W. 1985. Global atmospheric CO2 distribution and variation from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC flask sample data. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 5567–5596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J. S., Cofer, W. R. III, Winstead, E. L., Hoffmann, K. G. and Stocks, B. J. 1990. The great Chinese fire of 1987: Emission of trace gases to the atmosphere. Chapman Conference on Global Biomass Burning, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, March 19-23, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Liss, P. and Merlivat, L. 1986. Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. NATO ASI Series. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 185, (ed. P. Buat-Menard). Dordrecht/Holland: D. Reidel Publ. Comp., 113–127.
   Google Scholar
• Machta, L., Hanson, K. and Keeling, C. D. 1977. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and some interpretations. In: The fate of fossil fuel CO2 in the oceans (eds. N. R. Andersen and A. Malahoff), New York. Plenum Press., 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• MDJMA. 1987, 1988, 1989. Prompt report of observation for monitoring background marine pollution, pp. 36–39. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Mook, W. G., Koopmans, M., Carter, A. F. and Keeling, C. D. 1983. Seasonal, latitudinal, and secular variations in the abundance and isotopic ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 1. Results from land stations. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10915–10933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mook, W. G. and Van der Hoek, S. 1983. The N20 correction in the carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of atmospheric CO2. Isotope Geosci. 1, 237–242.
   Google Scholar
• MRCS. 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1988a, 1988b, 1989a, 1989b. Monthly report on climate system. 87-01, 87-02, 87-11, 88-02, 88-03, 89-01, 89-02. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, R. E. and Weare, B. C. 1977. A relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide and Pacific sea surface temperature. Geophys. Res. Letters 4, 1–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, R. E., Navato, A. R. and Hsiung, J. 1978. Long-term global sea surface temperature fluctuations and their possible influence on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116, 351–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudot, C. and Andrie, C. 1989. Short-term changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in eastern tropical Atlantic surface seawater and in atmospheric CO2 mole fraction. Tellus 41B, 537–553.
   Google Scholar
• ROO. 1989. 1990. The Results of Oceanographic Observations. 81, 82. Japan Meteorological Agency. Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Siegenthaler, U. and Munnich, K. O. 1981. 13C/'2C fractionation during CO2 transfer from air to sea. In: Carbon Cycle Modelling (ed. B. Bolin). John-Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 249–257.
   Google Scholar
• Smethie, W. M., Jr., Takahashi, T., Chipman, D. W. and Ledwell, J. R. 1985. Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222Rn and pCO2 measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 7005–7022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundquist, E. T., Plummer, L. N. and Wigley, T. M. L. 1979. Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: the homogeneous buffer factor. Science 204, 1203–1205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T. 1987. Seasonal variation of CO2 chemistry in the North Pacific Ocean: Implications for the CO2- ainduced climate change. CDIAC Communications (Summer 1987), 3–5.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T., Goddard, J., Sutherland, S. C., Chipman, D. W., Garvey, E., Gammon, R. H. and Peng, T.-H. 1989. Global net CO2 flux across the sea-air interface based on the observed pCO2 in surface water. In: 3rd Int. Conf on Analysis and evaluation of atmospheric CO2 data, Hinterzarten, 16-20 October 1989. WMO Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme. 59, 169.
   Google Scholar
• Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y. and Takahashi, T. 1990. Observational constrains on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247, 1431–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1987a. Time and space variations of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Tellus 39B, 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S. 1987b. Seasonal and meridional variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the lower troposphere of the northern and southern hemispheres. Tellus 39B, 29–41.
   Google Scholar
• Thoning, K. W., Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P. and Peterson, J. T. 1989a. Recent atmospheric CO2 growth rates. 3rd Int. Conf on Analysis and evaluation of atmospheric CO2 data, Hinterzarten, 16-20 October 1989. WMO Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme. 59, 237.
   Google Scholar
• Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P. and Komhyr, W. D. 1989b. Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory. 2. Analysis of the NOAA/GMCC Data, 1974-1985. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8549–8565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanninkhof, R. 1985. Kinetic fractionation of the carbon isotopes DC and '2C during transfer of CO2 from air to sea. Tellus 37B, 128–135.
   Google Scholar
• Weare, R. F., Navato, A. R. and Newell, R. E. 1976. Empirical orthogonal analysis of Pacific sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6, 671–678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. 1974. CO2 in water and sea water: the solubility of a non ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2, 203–215.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. F., Jahnke, R. A. and Keeling, C. D. 1982. Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in sea water. Nature 300, 511–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar