Global model estimates of carbon and nitrogen storage in litter and soil pools: response to changes in vegetation quality and biomass allocation

References

• Allen, L. H. Jr. 1989. Plant responses to rising carbon dioxide and potential interactions with air pollutants. J. Environ. Qual. 19, 15–34.
   Google Scholar
• Arris, L. L. and Eagleson, P. S. 1994. A water use model for locating the boreal/deciduous forest ecotone in North America. Water Res. Res. 30, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzaz, F. A. 1990. The response of natural ecosystems tot he rising global CO2 levels. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 167–196.
   Google Scholar
• Bottner, P. 1985. Response of microbial biomass to alternative moist and dry conditions in a soil incubated with 14C- and “N-labelled plant material, Soil. Biol. Biochem. 17,329–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwman, A. F., Fung, I., Matthews, E. and John, J. 1993. Global analysis of the potential for N2O production in natural soils, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7,557–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calloway, R. M., DeLucia, E. H. and Schlesinger, W. H. 1994. Biomass allocation of montane and desert ponderosa pine: an analog for response to climate change. Ecology 75,1474–1481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambardella, C. A. and Elliot, E. T. 1992. Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultiva-tion sequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56, 777–783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciais, P., Tans, P. P., White, J. W. C., Trolier, M., Francey, R. J., Berry, J. A., Randall, D. R., Sellers, P. J., Collatz, J. G. and Schimel, D. S. 1995. Partitioning of ocean and land uptake of CO2 as inferred by δ13C measurements from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5051–5057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, A. and Fung, I. Y. 1993. Can climate variability contribute to the missing CO2 sink? Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles 7,599–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, E. A. 1995. Linkages between carbon and nitrogen cycling and their implications for storage of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Biotic feedbacks in the global climatic system. (ed. G. M. Woodwell and. F. T. Mackenzie). Oxford University Press, New York, 219–229.
   Google Scholar
• DeFries, R. and Townshend, J. 1994. NDVI-derived land cover classification at global scales, Intnl. J. Remote Sensing 15, 3567–3586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLucia, E. H., Calloway, R. M. and W. H. Schlesinger. 1994. Offsetting changes in biomass allocation and photosynthesis in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in response to climate change. Tree Physiology 14, 669–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman, J. L. and Sellers, P. J. 1989. A global climato-logy of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the simple biosphere model (SiB). J. Appl. Meteorol. 28, 833–855.
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel, W. R., Shugart, H. H. and Stevenson, M. P. 1985. Climatic change and the broad scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change 7,29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, C. B., Randerson, J. T., Malmstrom, C. M. and Potter, C. S. 1996. Ecological controls on net primary productivity: Lessons from global models. In: Scaling up. (ed. van Gardingen et al.). Society for Experimental Biology, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Friedlingstein, P., Delire, C., Muller, J. F. and Gerard, J. C. 1992. The climate induced variation of the contin-ental biosphere: A model simulation of the last glacial maximum. Geophys. Res. Letters 19, 897–900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadas, A., Molina, J. A. E., Feigenbaum, S. and Clapp, C. E. 1992. Factors affecting nitrogen immobilization in soil as estimated by simulation models. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56, 1481–1486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harte, J. and Shaw, R. 1995. Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation community: results of a climate warming experiment. Science 267, 876–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology, Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. T. and Ephraums, J. J. (eds.) 1990. Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 365 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E. and Wild, A. 1991. Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming. Nature 351, 304–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G. A. and Neilson, R. P. 1992. The transient response of vegetation to climate change: a potential source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 64, 365–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauenroth, W. K., Urban, D. L., Coffin, D. P., Parton, W. J., Shugart, H. H., Kirchner, T. B. and Smith, T. M. 1993. Modeling vegetation structure-ecosystem process interactions across sites and ecosystems. Ecol. Model. 67, 49–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leemans, R. 1990. Possible changes in natural vegetation patterns due to a global warming International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Working Paper WP-08, IIASA, Laxenberg, Austria, 22 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Leemans, R. and Cramer, W. P. 1990. The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation and cloudiness of a global terrestrial grid International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg Working Paper WP-41, IIASA, Laxenberg, Austria, 60 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Leemans, R. and Van den Born, G. J. 1994. Determining the potential distribution of natural vegetation, crops and agricultural productivity. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 76, 133–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J., Matthews, E. and Fung, I. 1988. Methane emission from animals: a global high-resolution database. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 139–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, E. 1994. Nitrogen fertilizer consumption: global distribution and associated emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 411–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, A. D., Melillo, J. M., Joyce, L. A., Kicklighter, D. W., Grace, A. L., Moore, B. III and Vorosmarty, C. J. 1992. Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary production for potential vegetation in North America. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 101–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meentemeyer, V., Box, E. O. and Thompson, R. 1982. World patterns and amounts of terrestrial plant litter production. Bioscience 32, 125–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melillo, J. M., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Moore, B. III, Vörösmarty, C. J. and Schloss, A. L. 1993. Global climate change and terrestrial net prim-ary production. Nature 363, 234–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melillo, J. M., Prentice, C., Schulze, E.-D., Farquhar, G. and Sala, O. 1995. Terrestrial ecosystems: responses to global environmental change and feedbacks to climate. IPCC Second Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (ed. J. T. Houghton et al. ). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz, Y. and Serafini, Y. 1981. Global fields of soil moisture and land surface evapotranspiration. NASA Technical Memo. 83907, Research Review 1890/81, NASA Goddard Flight Center, 178–180.
   Google Scholar
• Monteith, J. L. 1972. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 9, 747–766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteith, J. L. 1977. Climate and efficiency of crop production in Britain. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London 281B, 271–294.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, J. I. L. and Gifford, R. M. 1984. Plant growth and water use with limited water supply in high CO2 concentration. II Plant dry weight, partitioning and water use efficiency. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 11, 374–384.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, R. P., King, G. A. and Koerper, G. 1992. Towards a rule-based biome model. Landscape Ecol 7,27–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson, R. P. 1996. A mapped atmosphere-plant-soil system for predicting continental scale vegetation distributions. Ecol. App!. , in press.
   Google Scholar
• Norby, R. J., Gunderson, C. A., Wullschleger, S. D., O'Neill, E. G. and McCraken, M. K. 1992. Productivity and compensatory responses of yellow poplar trees in elevated CO2. Nature 357, 322–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overpeck, J. T., Rind, D. and Goldberg, R. 1990. Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature 343, 51–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, W. J., Schimel, D. S., Cole, C. V. and Ojima, D. S. 1987. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51,1173–1179.
   Google Scholar
• Parton, W. J., Mosier, A. R., and Schimel, D. S. 1988. Dynamics of C, N, P, and S in grassland soils, a model. Biogeochemistry 5, 109–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. J. and Melillo, J. M. 1985. The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus 37B, 117–127.
   Google Scholar
• Post, W. M., Pastor, J., King, A. W., and Emanuel, W. R. 1992. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 64 345–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, W. M., Pastor, J., Zinke, P. J. and Stangenberger, A. G. 1985. Global patterns of soil nitrogen storage. Nature 317, 613–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, C. S., Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Matson, P. A., Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A, and Klooster, S. A. 1993. Terrestrial ecosystem production, a process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7,811–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, C. S., Matson, P. A, and Vitousek, P. M. 1994. Evaluation of soil database attributes in a global carbon cycle model: implications for global change research.” In: Environmental information management and analysis: ecosystem to global scales (ed. W. Michener) Taylor and Francis, London, UK, pp. 281–302.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, I. C. and Solomon, A. M. 1991. Vegetation models and global change. In: Global changes of the past (ed. R. S. Bradley). UCAR/Office for Interdis-ciplinary Earth Studies, Boulder, CO2 365–384
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A. and Solomon, A. M. 1992. A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeogr. 19, 117–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, K. C. and Fung, I. Y. 1990. The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to climate change. Nature 346, 48–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raich, J. W. and Potter, C. S. 1995. Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils. Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles 9, 23–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, G. P. 1988. Nitrification and denitrification in humid tropical ecosystems, potential controls on nitrogen retention. In: Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems (ed. J. Proctor). Special Publication Number 9 of the British Ecological Society, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 55–69.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, H. H., Runion, G. B. and Krupa, S. V. 1994. Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. Environ. Poll. 83, 155–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Running, S. W. and Coughlan, J. C. 1988. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. (I). Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecological Modelling 42, 125–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimel, D. S. 1995. Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1, 77–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimel, D. S., Braswell, B. H., Holland, E. A., McKeown, R., Ojima, D. S., Painter, T. H., Parton, W. J. and Townsend, A. R. 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 279–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, W. H. 1977. Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8, 51–81.
   Google Scholar
• Simms, P. L. 1988. Grasslands. In: North American terrestrial vegetation (eds. M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 265–286.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T M. and Shugart, H. H. 1993. The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature 361, 523–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund, R. and Rosswall, T. 1982. The nitrogen cycle. In:The handbook of environmental chemistry. Vol. 1B (ed. O. Hutzinger). Springer-Verlag, New York, 61–81.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, A. M. 1986. Transient response of forests to CO2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia 68, 567–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, A. M. and Bartlein, P. J. 1992. Past and future climate change: response by mixed deciduous-coniferous forest ecosystems in northern Michigan. Can J. For. Res. 22, 1727–1738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, N. L. 1990. Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance. Am. Nat. 135, 649–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tisdale, J. M. and Oades, J. M. 1982. Organic matter and water stable aggregates in soil, J. Soil Sci. 33, 141–163.
   Google Scholar
• Trumbore, S. E. 1993. Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7,275–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P. M. and Matson, P. A. 1993. Agriculture, the global nitrogen cycle, and trace gas flux. In: Biogeochemistry and global change, radiatively active trace gases (ed. R. S. Oremland) Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 193–208.
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P. M. and Sanford, R. L. Jr. 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17, 137–168.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C. and Vogt, D. J. 1986. Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of above and below-ground detritus of the world's forests. Advances in Ecol. Res. 15, 303–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vörösmarty, C. J., Moore, B. III, Grace, A. L., Gildea, M. P., Melillo, J. M., Peterson, B. J., Rastetter, E. B. and Steudler, P. A. 1989. Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport, An application to South America. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 3,241–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, F. I. 1987. Climate and plant distribution. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 174 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, F. I., Smith, T. M. and Emanuel, W. R. 1995. A global land primary productivity and phytogeogra-phy model. Global Blogeochem. Cycles 9, 471–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar