Advanced search
Publication Cover
Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology Volume 50, 1998 - Issue 3
Journal homepage
179
Views
63
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The impact of cloud particle gravitational settling on soluble trace gas distributions

Mark G. LawrenceMax-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Abteilung Luftchemie, PF 3060, 55020Mainz, Germany
&
Paul J. CrutzenMax-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Abteilung Luftchemie, PF 3060, 55020Mainz, Germany
Pages 263-289 | Received 13 Oct 1997, Accepted 20 Feb 1998, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

  • Abbatt, J. P. D. 1997. Interaction of HNO3 with water-ice surfaces at temperatures of the free troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1479–1482.
  • Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W. H. 1974. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environ-ment. Part 1. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 674–701.
  • Conklin, M. H. A., Sigg, A., Neftel, A. and Bales, R. 1993a. Atmosphere-snow transfer function for H202: Microphysical considerations. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18367-18 376.
  • Conklin, M. H., Sommerfeld, R. A., Laird, S. K. and Villinski, J. E. 1993b. Sulfur dioxide reactions on ice surfaces: Implications for dry deposition to snow. Atmos. Environ 27A, 159–166.
  • Crutzen, P. J. 1994. Global tropospheric chemistry, in low-temperature chemistry of the atmosphere, ed. G. Moortgat et al., p. 465–498.
  • Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Crutzen, P. J. and Gidel, L. T. 1983. A two-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere 2: The tropo-spheric budgets of the anthropogenic chlorocarbons CO, CH4, CH3C1, and the effects of various NO sources on tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 6641–6661.
  • Fahey, D. W., Kelly, K. K., Kawa, S. R., Tuck, A. F., Loewenstein, M., Chan, K. R. and Heidt, L. E. 1990. Observations of denitrification and dehydration in the winter polar stratospheres. Nature 344, 321–324.
  • Gultepe, I. and Isaac, G. A. 1997. Liquid water content and temperature relationship from aircraft observa-tions and its applicability to GCMs. J. Clim. 10, 446–452.
  • Hall, W. D. and Pruppacher, H. R. 1976. The survival of ice particles falling from cirrus clouds in subsatur-ated air. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1995–2006.
  • Han, Q., Rossow, W. B. and Lacis, A. A. 1994. Near-global survey of effective droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data. J. Clim. 7, 465–497.
  • Heymsfield, A. J. 1972. Ice crystal terminal velocities. J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1348–1357.
  • Heymsfield, A. J. 1977. Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 367–381.
  • Heymsfield, A. J. 1993. Microphysical structures of stratiform and cirrus clouds. In: Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions (ed. P. V. Hobbs), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 97–121.
  • Heymsfield, A. J., and Donner, L. J. 1990. A scheme for parameterizing ice-cloud water content in general cir-culation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1865–1877.
  • Heymsfield, A. J. and Kajikawa, M. 1987. An improved approach to calculating terminal velocities of plate-like crystals and graupel. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 1088–1099.
  • Heymsfield, A. J. and McFarquhar, G. M. 1996. High albedos of cirrus in the tropical pacific warm pool: Microphysical interpretations from CEPEX and from Kwajalein, Marshall Islands. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 2424–2451.
  • Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Tabazadeh, A., Sachse, G. W., Anderson, B., Chan, K. R., Baumgardner, D., Twohy, C. H. and Gandrud, B., Heymsfield, A. J., Hallett, J., and Gary, B. 1998. Ice nucleation processes in upper tropospheric wave-clouds observed during SUCCESS. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.
  • Kalnay, E. et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reana-lysis project. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 77, 437–471.
  • Lawrence, M. G. 1996. Photochemistry in the tropical pacific troposphere. Studies with a global 3D chemistry-meteorology model. Doctoral Dissertation. Georgia Institute of Technology, 520 pp.
  • Lelieveld J, Crutzen, P. J. and Rodhe, H. 1989. Zonal average cloud characteristic for global atmospheric chemistry modelling. Glomac-report UDC 551.510.4 m CM-74, International Meteorological Institute Stockholm.
  • Lind, J. A. and Kok, G. L. 1986. Henry's law determina-tions for aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, and peroxyacetic acid. J. Geo-phys. Res. 91, 7889–7895.
  • Mahowald, N. M. 1996. Development of a 3-dimensional chemical transport model based on observed winds and use in inverse modeling of the sources of CC13F, doctoral dissertation. Massachussetts Institute of Technology, 199 pp.
  • Mahowald, N. M., Rasch, P. J., Eaton, B. E., Whittlestone, B. and Prinn, R. G. 1997a. Transport of 222Radon to the remote troposphere using MATCH and assimilated winds from ECMWF and NCEP/ NCAR. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28,139–28,152.
  • Mahowald, N. M., Prinn, R. G. and Rasch, P. J. 1997b. Deducing CC13F emissions using an inverse method and chemical transport models with assimilated winds. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28,153–28,168.
  • Mazin, I. P. 1995. Cloud water content in continental clouds of middle latitudes. Atmos. Res. 35, 283–297.
  • McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J. 1996. Micro-physical characteristics of three anvils sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 2401–2423.
  • McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J. 1997. Para-meterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distribu-tions and implications for radiative transfer: Results from CEPEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 2187–2200.
  • Mitchell, J. F. B., Senior, C. A. and Ingram, W. J. 1989. CO2 and climate: a missing feedback? Nature. 341, 132–134.
  • Pan, H.-L., and Wu, W.-S. 1995. Implementing a mass flux convection parameterization package for the N MC medium-range forecast model. NMC Office Note, no. 409, 40 pp.
  • Pruppacher, H. R., and Klett, J. D. 1997. Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 954 pp.
  • Rasch, P. J. and Kristjansson, J. E. 1998. A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterizations. J. Climate, in press.
  • Rasch, P. J., Mahowald, N. M. and Eaton, B. E. 1997. Representations of transport, convection, and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: Implica-tions for the modeling of short lived and soluble species. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28,127–28,138.
  • Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L, Cristoph, M., Claussen, M., Duermenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U. and Schulzweida, U. 1996. The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate. Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Report no. 218, Hamburg, 90 pp.
  • Slingo, J. M. 1987. The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 113, 899–927.
  • Stephens, G. L, Tsay, S.-C., Stackhouse, P. W. Jr. and Flatau, P. J. 1990. The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climate feedback. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1742–1760.
  • Sundqvist, H. 1978. A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Q. J. R. Meterol. Soc. 104, 677–690.
  • Sundqvist, H. 1993. Inclusion of ice phase of hydrometeors in cloud parameterization for mesoscale and large scale models. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph. 66, 137–147.
  • Sundqvist, H., Berge, E. and Kristjansson, J. E., 1989. Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Weather Rev. 117, 1641–1657.
  • Thakur, A. N., Singh, H. B., Mariani, P., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Jacob, D. J., Brasseur, G., Mueller, J.-F. and Lawrence, M. 1998. Distribution of reactive nitrogen species in the remote free troposphere: Data and model comparisons. Atmos. Env., in press.
  • Valdez, M. P., Dawson, G. A., and Bales, R. C. 1989. Sulfur dioxide incorporation into ice depositing from the vapor. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 1095–1103.
  • Wang, Y., Logan, J. A. and Jacob, D. J. 1998. Global simulation of tropospheric 03-NQ-hydrocarbon chemistry, 2. Model evaluation and global ozone budget. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
  • Warren, S. G., Hahn, C. J., London, J., Chervin, R. M., and Jenne, R. 1986. Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over land, NCAR Tech-nical Note TN-273 + STR, Boulder.
  • Weinheimer, A. J., Campos, T. L., Walega, J. G., Grahek, F. E., Ridley, B. A., Baumgardner, D., Twohy, C. H., and Gandrud, B. 1998. Uptake of NO, on wave-cloud ice particles. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.
  • Zondlo, M. A., Barone, S. B. and Tolbert, M. A. 1997. Uptake of HNO3 on ice under upper tropospheric conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1391–1394.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.