Aerosol particle chemical characteristics measured from aircraft in the lower troposphere during ACE-2

References

• Allen, A. G., Dick, A. L. and Davison, B. M. 1997. Sources of atmospheric methanesulphonate, non-sea-salt sulphate, nitrate and related species over the tem-perate south Pacific. Atmos. Environ. 31, 191–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Ray, B. J., Ellis Jr., W. G., Cullen, J. D., and Merrill, J. T. 1995. Trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 1199–1213
   Google Scholar
• Bergametti, G., Gomes, L., Coudegaussen, G., Rognon, P. and Lecoustumer, M. N. 1989. African dust observed over the Canary Islands-source-regions I dentification and transport pattern for some summer situations. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14855–14864.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, M. E. and Cary, R. A. 1996. Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Tech. 25, 221–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R. 1983 Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. John Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Brechtel, F. J., Kreidenweis, S. M. and Swan, H. B. 1998. Air mass characterisitcs, aerosol particle number con-centrations, and number size distributions at Macqua-rie Island during the first Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1). J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16351–16367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, Y. C., Simpson, R. W., Mctainsh, G. H., Vowles, P.D.., Cohen, D. D. and Bailey, G. M. 1997. Charac-terisation of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Brisbane Australia. Atmos. Environ. 31, 3773–3785
   Google Scholar
• Collins, D. R., Jonsson, H. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Gasso, S., Hegg, D., Russell, P. B., Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Ostrom, E., Noone, K. J., Russell, L. M. and Putaud, J. P. 2000. In situ aerosol size distributions and clear column radiative closure during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 498–525
   Google Scholar
• d'Almeida, G. A., Koepke, P. and Shettle, E. P. 1991. Atmospheric aerosols: global climatology and radiative characteristics, A. Deepak, Hampton, Va.
   Google Scholar
• d'Almeida, G. A. and Schutz, L. 1983. Number, mass, Tellus 52B (2000), 2 and volume distribution of mineral aerosol and soils of the Sahara. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 233–243.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, G. M. and Querry, M. R. 1973. Optical constants of water in the 200-nm to 200 gm wavelength region. Applied Optics 12, 555–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanel, G. 1976. The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at ther-modynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air. Adv. Geophys. 19, 73–188.
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Ferek, R. J. and Hobbs, P. V. 1993. Light scattering and cloud condensation nucleus activity of sulfate aerosols measured over the Northeast Atlantic ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 14887–14894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppel, W. A., Fitzgerald, J. W., Frick, G. M., Larson, R. E. and Mack, E. J. 1990. Aerosol size distributions and optical properties found in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 3659–3686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, S. G. and Huebert, B. J. 1998. Determining marine aerosol scattering characteristics at ambient humidity from size-resolved chemical composition. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 1391–1404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebert, B. J., Zhuang, L., Howell, S., Noone, K. and Noone, B. 1996. Sulfate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, chloride, ammonium, and sodium measurements from ship, island, and aircraft during the Atlantic Stratocu-mulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol Gas Exchange. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4413–4423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebert, B. J., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, L., Heath, J. A., Litchy, M. R., Wylie, D. J., Kreidler-Moss, J. L., Coppicus, S. and Pfeiffer, J. E. 1998. Filter and impactor measurements of anions and cations during the first Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16493–16509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husar, R. B., Prospero, J. M. and Stowe, L. L. 1997. Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16889–16909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klockenkämper, R. 1997. Total reflection X-ray fluores-cence analysis, ed. J. D. Winefordner. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 245 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Li-Jones, X. and Prospero, J. M. 1998. Variations in the size distribution of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: impact of African dust. J. Geophys. Res. 103,16073–26084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, J., Cahill, T. A., Morales, R. J., Adalpe, F., Flores, M. J. and Diaz, R. V. 1994. Determination of elemental concentrations in atmospheric aerosols in Mexico City using proton induced X-ray emission, proton elastic scattering and laser absorption. Atmos. Environ. 28, 2299–2306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto, S., Kobayashi, K. and Yamada, T. 1986. Char-acterisation of aerosols in the Kashima area and a source apportionment study. In: Sydney Clean Air Congress 1986, pp. 253–262.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. and Noone, K. J. 2000. Vertical profiles of aerosol scattering and absorption measured in situ during the North Atlantic Aerosol Characterization Experiment. Tellus 52B, 526–545.
   Google Scholar
• Prospero, J. M., Savoie, D. L., Arimoto, R. and Huang, F. 1993. Long-term trends in mineral dust concentra-tions over the western North Atlantic: Relationship to North African rainfall. Eos Trans. AGU 74, Fall Meet-ing Suppl.
   Google Scholar
• Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., Virkkula, A., Raes, F., Maring, H., Prospero, J. M., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Hillamo, R. and Makela, T. Chemical mass closure and origin assessment of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 141–168
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, P.K., Coffman, D.J., Bates, T.S., and Covert, D.S. 2000. A comparison of aerosol chemical and optical properties from the first and second Aerosol Charac-terization Experiments. Tellus 52B, 239–257.
   Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Bates, T. S., McGovern, F. M. and Van Liedek-erke, M. 2000. The second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2): General overview and main results. Tellus 52B, 111–125.
   Google Scholar
• Russel, P. A. and Heintzenberg, J. 2000. Clear Column Experiments in ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 463–483.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, L. M., Huebert, B. J., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1996a. Characterization of submicron aerosol size distributions from time-resolved measurements in the Atlantic stratocumulus transition experiment/ marine aerosol and gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4469–4478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, L. M., Stolzenburg, M. R., Caldow, R., Zhang, S. H., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1996b. Radially-classified aerosol detector for aircraft-based submicron aerosol measurements. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 13, 598–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeling, M. 1997. Anwendung der Totalreflexions-Rntgenfluoreszenz zur Analyse von luftgetragenen Partikeln. PhD-thesis, Dortmund, 77 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Schmeling, M. and Klockow, D. 1997. Sample collection and preparation for analysis of airborne particulate matter by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectro-metry. Anal. Chim. Acta 346, 121–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz, L. and Sebert, M. 1987. Mineral aerosols and source identification. J. Aerosol Sci. 18, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H. 1986. Atmospheric chemistry and physics of air pollution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 738 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Streli, C. 1997. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence ana-lysis of light elements. Spectrochim. Acta 52B, 281–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Berg, O. H., Hameri, K., Vakeva, M., Makela, J., Covert, D. S., Dusek, U., Busch, B., Wiedensohler, A. and Stratmann, F. 2000. Hygro-scopic properties of aerosol particles in the North-eastern Atlantic during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 201–227
   Google Scholar
• Thursdon, G. D. and Spengler, J. D. 1985. A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. Atmos. Environ. 19, 9–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toon, O. B., Pollack, J. B. and Khare, B. N. 1976. The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species: ammonium sulfate, aluminum oxide, and sodium chloride. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 5733–5742
   Google Scholar
• Verver, G., Raes, F., Vogelezang, D. and Johnson, D. 2000. The second Aerosol Characterization Experi-ment (ACE-2). Meteorological and chemical context. Tellus 52B, 126–140.
   Google Scholar
• Weast, R. C., Astle, M. J. and Beyer, W. H. (Eds.) 1985-1986. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, 66th edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., p. D-233
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Arimoto, R. An, Z., Chen, T., Zhang, G., Zhu, G., and Wang, X. 1993. Atmospheric trace ele-ments over source regions for chinese dust: Concentra-tions, sources and atmospheric deposition on the Loess Plateau. Atmos. Environ. 27, 2051–2067
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. Y., Arimoto, R., Zhu, G. H., Chen, T. and Zhang, G. Y. 1998. Concentration, size distribution and deposition of mineral aerosol over Chinese desert regions. Tellus 50B, 317–330.
   Google Scholar