180
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An overview of the Lagrangian experiments undertaken during the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2)

Pages 290-320 | Received 19 Feb 1999, Accepted 22 Sep 1999, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D. W., Schubert, W. H. and Frisch, A. S. 1995. The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment — ASTEX. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 76, 889–904.
  • Andreae, M.O.., Berresheim, H., Andreae, T. W., Kritz, M. A., Bates, T. S. and Merril, J. T. 1988. Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions and radon over the north east Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Chem. 6, 149–173
  • Bates, T. S., Huebert, B. J., Gras, J. L., Griffiths, F. B. and Durkee, P. A. 1998. International Global Atmo-spheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project's First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1): overview. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,297–16,318
  • Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E. and Wiedensohler, A. 2000. Aerosol physical properties and controlling processes in the lower marine boundary layer: a comparison of submic-ron data from ACE-1 and ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 258–272.
  • Benkovitz, C. M., Berkovitz, C. M., Easter, R. C., Nemes-ure, S., Wagener, R. and Schwartz, S. E. 1994. Sulphate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observa-tion derived meteorology. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 20,725–20,756
  • Birmili, W. 1998. Production of new ultrafine aerosol par-ticles in continental air mass. PhD thesis, University of Leipzig, Germany.
  • Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A. 1998. The influence of meteorological parameters on ultrafine particle pro-duction at a continental site. J. Aerosol. Sci. 29, S1015–1016.
  • Bluth, R. T., Durkee, P. A., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Russell, L. M., Crowley, P. A. and Finn, P. 1996. Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS). Bulletin of the American Met. Soc. 77, 2691–2699.
  • Bower, K., Choularton, T. W., Gallagher, M. W., Beswick, K. M., Flynn, M., Allen, A. G., Davison, B. M., James, J.D.., Robertson, L., Harrison, R. M., Hewitt, C. N., Cape, J. N., McFadyen, G. G., Mar-tinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Berg, O. H., Mentes, B., Papaspiroulos, G., Hansson, H.-C., Kulmala, M., Aalto, P., Vakeva, M., Berner, A., Bizjak, M., Fuzzi, S., Laj, P., Facchini, M.-C., Orsi, G., Ricci, L., Nielsen, M., Allan, B. J., Coe, H., McFig-gans, G., Plane, J. M. C., Collett Jr., J. L., Moore, K. F. and Sherman, D. E. 2000. ACE-2 HILLCLOUD: an overview of the ACE-2 ground based cloud experi-ment. Tellus 52B, 750–778
  • Bretherton, C. S, Austin, P. and Siems, S. T. 1995. Cloudi-ness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part II: cloudiness, drizzle, surface fluxes and entrainment. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 16, 2707–2723.
  • Businger, S., Chiswell, S. R., Ulmer, W. C. and John-son, R. 1996. Balloons as a Lagrangian measurement platform for atmospheric research. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4363–4376.
  • Businger, S., Johnson, R., Katzfey, J., Siems, S. and Wang, O., 1999. Smart Tetroons for Lagrangian air-mass tracking during ACE-1. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11,709-11,722.
  • Carrico, C. M., Rood, M. J., Ogren, J., Neusfiss, C., Wiedensohler, A. and Heintzenburg, J. 2000. Aerosol optical properties at Sagres, Portugal during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 694–715.
  • Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M.O.. and Warren, S. G. 1987. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmo-spheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655–661
  • Charlson, R. J., Langner, J., Rodhe, H., Levoy, C. B. and Warren, S. G. 1991. Perturbation of the northern hemi-sphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Tellus 43A/B, 152–163.
  • Clarke, A. D., Uehara, T. and Porter, J. N. 1996. Lag-rangian evolution of an aerosol column during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment. J. Geo-phys. Res. 101, 4351–4362.
  • Clarke, A. D., Varner, J. L., Eisele, F., Mauldin, R. L, Tanner, D. and Litchy, M. 1998. Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE-1. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,397–16,409
  • Covert, D. S., Kapustin, V. N., Quinn, P. K. and Bates, T. S. 1992. New particle formation in the marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 20,581–20,589
  • Covert, D., Wiedensohler, A. and Russell, L. M. 1997. Particle charging and transmission efficiencies of aero-sol charge neutralizers. Aerosol Sci. and Technol. 27, 206–214
  • Deardorff, J. W., Willis, G. E. and Stockton, B. H. 1980. Laboratory studies of the entrainment zone of a con-vectively mixed layer. J. Fluid Mech. 100, 41–46.
  • Dore, A., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S., Choularton, T., Bower, K., Andreae, M.O.. and Bandy, B. 2000. The evolution of boundary layer aerosol particles due to in-cloud chemical reactions during the second Lag-rangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 452–463
  • Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D. 1997. Description of hysplit 4 modelling. Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224, NOAA.
  • Fiengold, G., Kreidenweiss, S. M., Stevens, B. and Cotton, W. R. 1996. Numerical simulations of strato-cumulus processing of cloud condensation nuclei through collision coalescence. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 21,391–21,402
  • Fitzgerald, J. W., Marti, J. J., Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M. and Gelbard, F. 1998. A one dimensional sectional model to simulate multicomponent aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer (2). Model application. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,103–16,117
  • Hegg, D. A. 1985. The importance of liquid phase oxida-tion of SO2 in the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 373–3779.
  • Hegg, D. A., Radke, L. F. and Hobbs, P. V. 1990. Particle production associated with marine clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13,917–13,925
  • Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S. R. and Wood, R. 2000. Timescale analysis of marine boundary layer aerosol evolution: Lagrangian case studies under clean and polluted conditions. Tellus 52B, 423–438.
  • Huebert, B. J., Pszenny, A. and Blomquist, B. 1996. The ASTEX/MAGE experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4319–4329.
  • IPCC, 1995. Climate Change 1995. The science of climate change. Contribution of WG1 to the second assess-ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change (eds. Houghton, J. T., MeiraFilho, L. G., Callender, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A and Mas-kell, K.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Jennings, S. G. and O'Dowd, C. 1990. Volatility of aero-sol at Mace Head on the West coast of Irelan. J. Geo-phys. Res. 95, 13,937–13,948
  • Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S., Wood, R., Suhre, K., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Andreae, M.O.., Noone, K., Glantz, P., Bandy, B., Rudolph, J. and O'Dowd, C. 2000. Observations of the evolution of the aerosol, cloud, and boundary layer characteristics during the first ACE-2 Lagrangian experiment. Tellus 52B, 348–374
  • Johnson, R., Businger, S. and Baerman, A. 2000. Lag-rangian air mass tracking with smart balloons during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 321–334.
  • Kiehl, J. T. and Briegleb, B. P. 1993. The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. Science 260, 311–314.
  • Kiehl, J. T. and Rodhe, H. 1995. Modelling geographical and seasonal forcing due to aerosols. In: Aerosol for-cing of climate (eds. Charlson, R. and Heintzenberg, J.). Wiley Interscience.
  • Langner, J. and Rodhe, H. 1991. A global three-dimen-sional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem. 13, 225–263.
  • Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., Rogers, D. P., Jonas, P. R., Minnis, P. and Hegg, D. 1995. Observations of the interaction between cumulus clouds and warm stratocumulus clouds in the marine boundary layer during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2902–2922.
  • Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., Jonas, P. R., Rogers, D. P. and Brooks, I. M. 1997. Effects of airmass type on the interaction between cumulus clouds and warm stratocumulus clouds in the marine boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 123, 849–882.
  • McVean, M. K. and Mason, P. J., 1990. Cloud top entrainment instability through small scale mixing and its parametrisation in numerical models. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1012–1030.
  • Murphy, D. M., Anderson, J. R., Quinn, P. K., McInnes, L. M., Brechtel, F. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Posfai, M., Thomson, D. S. and Buseck, P. R. 1998. Influence of sea salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer. Nature 392, 62–65.
  • Neusfiss, C., Weise, D., Birmili, W., Wex, H., Wieden-sohler, A. and Covert, D. 2000. Size-segregated chem-ical, gravimetric and number distribution derived mass closure of the aerosol in Sagres, Portugal during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 169–184.
  • Nicholls, S. and Leighton, J. 1986. An observational study of the structure of stratiform cloud sheets. Part I: structure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 112, 431–460.
  • Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J. and Covert, D. S. 1988. Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets. Aerosol Sci. and Technol. 8, 235–244.
  • O'Dowd, C. D. and Smith, M. H. 1993. Physiochemical properties of aerosols over the Northeast Atlantic: evidence for wind speed related submicron sea salt aerosol production. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1137–1149.
  • Osborne, S. R., Johnson, D. W., Wood, R., Bandy, B. J., Andreae, M.O.., O'Dowd, C., Glantz, P., Noone, K., Rudolf, J., Bates, T. and Quinn, P. 2000. Observations of the evolution of the aerosol, cloud and boundary layer dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics during the second Lagrangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 375–400
  • Pandis, S. N., Russell, L. M. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1994. The relationship between DMS flux and CCN concen-tration in remote marine regions. J. Geophys. Res. 99, D8, 16,945-16,957.
  • Penkett, S. A., Bandy, B. J., Reeves, C. E., McKenna, D. and Hignett, P. 1995. Measurements of peroxides in the atmosphere and their relevance to the understand-ing of global tropospheric chemistry. Faraday Discus-sions 100, 155–174.
  • Penner, J. E., Charlson, R. J., Hales, J. M., Laulainen, N., Leifer, R., Novakov, T., Ogren, J., Radke, L. F., Schwartz, S. E. and Travis, L. 1994. Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthro-pogenic aerosol. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 75, 375–400.
  • Quinn, P. K. and Coffman, D. J. 1998. Local closure during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1): aerosol mass concentration and scattering and backscattering coefficients. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,575–16,596
  • Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Miller, T. L. and Johnson, J. E. 2000. A comparison of aerosol chemical and optical properties from the first and second aerosol characterisation experiments. Tellus 52B, 239–257.
  • Raes, F. 1995. Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulating mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geo-phys. Res. 100, 2893–2903.
  • Raes, F., Bates, T., Verver, G., McGovern, F.and Van Liedekerke, M. 2000. The second aerosol characteris-ation experiment (ACE-2): general context and main results. Tellus 52B, 111–126.
  • Randall, D. A. 1980. Conditional instability of the first kind upside down. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 125–130.
  • Randall, D. A., Albrecht, B., Cox, S., Johnson, D. W., Minnis, P., Rossow, W. and Starr, D. O'C. 1996. On FIRE at ten. Advances in Geophysics 38. Academic Press.
  • Rogers, D. P., Johnson, D. W. and Friehe, C. A. 1995. The stable internal boundary layer over a coastal sea (I). Airborne measurements of the mean and turbu-lence structure. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 667–683.
  • Rudolph, J., Kieser, B., Fu, B. and Fong. S. 1998. Hydro-carbon measurements during ACE-2. University of York report.
  • Russell, P. B. and Heintzenberg, J. 2000. An overview of the ACE-2 clear sky column closure experiment (CLEARCOLUMN). Tellus 52B, 463–483.
  • Russell, L. M., Lenschow, D. H., Laursen, K. K., Krum-mel, P. B., Siems, S. T., Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C. and Bates, T. S. 1998. Bidirectional mixing in an ACE-1 marine boundary layer overlain by a second turbulent layer. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,411–16,432
  • Sievering, H., Boatman, J., Gorman, E., Kim, Y., Ander-son, L., Ennis, G., Luria, M. and Pandis, S. 1992. Removal of sulfur from the marine boundary layer by ozone oxidation in sea salt aerosols. Nature 360, 571–573.
  • Sollazzo, M. J., Russell, L. M., Percival, D., Osborne, S., Wood, R. and Johnson, D. W. 2000. Entrainment rates during ACE-2 Lagrangian experiments calculated from aircraft measurements. Tellus 52B, 335–347.
  • Stratman, F. and Wiedensohler, A. 1997. A new data inversion algorithm for DMPS measurements. J. Aerosol Sci. 27, Si, 339–340
  • Suhre, K., Andreae, M.O.. and Rosset, R. 1995. Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic (2). One dimensional simulation of sulfur chemistry in the marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 11,323–11,334
  • Talbot, R. W., Andreae, M.O.., Berresheim, H., Artaxo, P., Garstang, M., Harriss, R. C., Beecher, K. M., and Li, S. M. 1990. Aerosol chemistry during the wet season in central Amazonia: the influence of long range transport. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16,955–16,969
  • Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Putaud, J.-P., Virkkula, A. and Mangoni, M. 1999. Processes determining the relationship between aerosol number and non-sea-salt sulphate mass concentrations in the clean and per-turbed marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8027–8038.
  • Verver., G., Raes, F., Vogelezang, D. and Johnson, D. 2000. The second aerosol characterisation experiment (ACE-2): meteorological and chemical context. Tellus 52B, 126–140.
  • Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L. and Tanner, D. J. 1995. Measurement of expected nucleation pre-cursor species and 3 to 500 nm diameter particles at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. J. Atmos. Sci. 12, 2242–2257.
  • Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Covert, D. S., Coffmann, D., Cantrell, W., Havlicek, M., Brechtel, F. J., Russell, L. M., Weber, R. J., Gras, J., Hudson, J. G. and Litchy, M. 1997. Intercomparison study of size dependent counting efficiency of 26 condensation par-ticle counters. Aerosol Sci. and Technol. 27,224–242.
  • Wood, R., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S. R., Bandy, B. J., Andreae, MO.,, O'Dowd, C., Glantz, P. and Noone, K. J. 2000. Boundary layer, aerosol and chemical evolution during the third Lagrangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 401–422.
  • Zhuang, L. and Huebert, B. J. 1996. A Lagrangian ana-lysis of the total ammonia budget during ASTEX/ MAGE. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4341–4350.