Observations of the evolution of the aerosol, cloud and boundary-layer characteristics during the 1st ACE-2 Lagrangian experiment

References

• Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D. W., Schubert, W. H. and Frisch, A. S. 1995. The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment — ASTEX. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 76, 6, 889–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae, MO., and Crutzen, P. J. 1997. Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmo-spheric chemistry. Science 276, 1052–1058.
   Google Scholar
• Andreae, MO.,, Berresheim, H., Andreae, T. W., Kritz, M. A., Bates, T. S. and Merril, J. T. 1988. Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions and radon over the north east Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Chem. 6, 149–173.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Kapustin, V. N., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J., Mari, C., Durkee, P. A., De Bruyn, W. J. and Saltzman, E. S. 1998. Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the first aerosol characterisation experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,369–16,383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E. and Weidensohler, A. 2000. Aerosol physical properties and controlling pro-cesses in the lower marine boundary layer: a com-parison of submicron data from ACE-1 and ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 258–272.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgardner, D. 1983. An analysis and comparison of five water droplet measuring instruments. J. Appl. Meteor. 22, 891–910.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, D. C. and Woodcock, A. H. 1957. Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteoro-logical significance. Tellus 9, 145–158.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, M. and Jacob, D. J. 1996. Anthropogenic and natural contributions to tropospheric sulfate: a global model analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18,691–18,699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, M., Jacob, D. J., Gardner, G. M., Foreman, N. S., Spiro, P. A. and Savoie, D. L. 1996. A global three dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18,667–18,690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A.D., Uehara, T. and Porter, J. N. 1996. Lagrang-ian evolution of an aerosol column during the Atlantic stratocumulus transition experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4351–4362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. D., Varner, J. L., Eisele, F., Mauldin, R. L., Tanner, D. and Litchy, M. 1998. Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE-1. J. Geophys. Res. 103, D13, 16,397-16,409.
   Google Scholar
• Dore, A., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S., Choularton, T., Bower, K., Andreae, M.O.. and Bandy, B. 2000. The evolution of boundary layer aerosol particles due to in-cloud chemical reactions during the second Lagrangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 452–463
   Google Scholar
• Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D. 1997. Description of hysplit 4 modeling. Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224, NOAA.
   Google Scholar
• Fiengold, G., Kreidenweiss, S. M., Stevens, B. and Cotton, W. R. 1996. Numerical simulations of strato-cumulus processing of cloud condensation nuclei through collision coalescence. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 21,391–21,402
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J. W., Marti, J. J., Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M. and Gelbard, F. 1998. A one dimensional sectional model to simulate multicomponent aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer (2). Model application. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16,103–16,117
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Radke, L. F. and Hobbs, P. V. 1990. Particle production associated with marine clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13,917–13,926
   Google Scholar
• Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S. R. and Wood, R. 2000. A time scale analysis of aerosol evolution in polluted and clean Lagrangian case stud-ies. Tellus 52B, 423–438.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M. and Larson, R. E. 1986. Effect of non-precipitating cloud on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 125–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebert, B. J., Pszenny, A. and Blomquist, B. 1996. The ASTEX/MAGE Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101, D2, 4319–4329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S., Wood, R., Suhre, K., John-son, R., Businger, S., Quinn, P. K., Wiedensohler, A., Durkee, P. A., Russell, L. M., Andreae, M.O.., O'Dowd, C., Noone, K., Bandy, B., Rudolph, J. and Rapsomanikis, S. 2000. An overview of the Lagrangian experiments undertaken during the North Atlantic regional aerosol characterisation experiment. Tellus 52B, 290–320
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R., Businger, S. and Baerman, A. 2000. Lag-rangian air mass tracking with smart balloons during ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 321–334.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W. and Spice, A. 1994. The measurement and parametrisation of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 1823–1842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., Rogers, D. P., Jonas, P. R., Minnis, P. and Hegg, D. 1995. Observations of the interactions between cumulus clouds and warm stratocumulus in the marine boundary layer during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 16, 2902–2922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadyen, G. G., Cape, J. N., Flynn, M., Bandy, B. J. and Wood, R. 2000. Entrainment and photochemistry of ozone in the marine boundary layer during ACE-2 HILLCLOUD. Tellus B, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, S., Leighton, J. and Barker, R. 1990. A new fast response instrument for measuring total water content from aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 7, 706–718.
   Google Scholar
• O'Dowd, C. D. and Smith, M. H. 1993. Physiochemical properties of aerosols over the Northeast Atlantic: evidence for wind speed related submicron sea salt aerosol production. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1137–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dowd, C. D., Smith, M. H., Consterdine, I. E., and Lowe, J. A. 1997. Marine aerosol, sea-salt and the marine sulphur cycle: a short review. Atmos. Res. 31, 73–80
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, S. R., Johnson, D. W., Wood, R., Bandy, B. J., Andreae, M.O.., O'Dowd, C., Glantz, P., Noone, K., Rudolf, J., Bates, T. and Quinn, P. 2000. Observations of the evolution of the aerosol, cloud and boundary layer dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics during the second Lagrangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 375–400
   Google Scholar
• Penkett, S. A., Bandy, B. J., Reeves, C. E., McKenna, D. and Hignett, P. 1995. Measurements of peroxides in the atmosphere and their relevance to the understand-ing of global tropospheric chemistry. Faraday Discus-sions 100, 155–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Miller, T. L. and Johnson, J. E. 2000. A comparison of aerosol chemical and optical properties from the first and second aerosol characterisation experiments. Tellus 52B, 239–257.
   Google Scholar
• Raes, F. 1995. Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulating mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geo-phys. Res. 100, 2893–2903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, F., Bates, T. S., McGovern, F. M. and Van Liede-kerke, M. 2000. The second aerosol characterisation experiment (ACE-2): general overview and main results. Tellus 52B, 111–126.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, D. P., Johnson, D. W. and Friehe, C. A. 1995. The stable internal boundary layer over the coastal sea (I). Airborne measurements of the mean and turbu-lence structure. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 667–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollazzo, M. J., Russell, L. M., Percival, D., Osborne, S., Wood, R. and Johnson, D. W. 2000. Entrainment rates calculated from ACE-2 aircraft measurements. Tellus 52B, 335–347.
   Google Scholar
• Talbot, R. W, Andreae, M.O.., Berresheim, H., Artaxo, P., Garstang, M. Harris, R. C., Beecher, K. M. and Li, S. M. 1990. Aerosol chemistry during the wet season in central Amazonia: the influence of long range trans-port. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16,955–16,969
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, K. E. and Penner, J. E. 1994. Responses of the climate system to atmospheric aerosols and green-house gases. Nature 369, 734–737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Putaud, J.-P., Virkkula, A. and Mangoni, M. 1999. Processes determining the relationship between aerosol number and non-sea-salt sulfate mass concentration in the clean and perturbed marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8027–8038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R., Johnson, D. W., Osborne, S. R., Bandy, B. J., Andreae, M. 0., O'Dowd, C., Glantz, P. and Noone, K. J. 2000. Boundary layer, aerosol and chemical evolution during the third Lagrangian experiment of ACE-2. Tellus 52B, 401–422
   Google Scholar
• Woodcock, A. H. 1953. Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force. J. Met. 10, 362.
   Google Scholar