158
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Seasonal and global NOx production by lightning estimated from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)

, &
Pages 1206-1215 | Received 13 Jul 1999, Accepted 03 Apr 2000, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

REFERENCES

  • Biazar, A. P. and McNider, R. T. 1995. Regional esti-mates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 22,861-22,874.
  • Boccippio, D., Driscoll, K., Koshak, W., Blakeslee, R., Boeck, W., Mach, D., Buechler, D., Christian, H. J. and Goodman, S. J. 2000. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD): instrument characteristics and cross-sensor validation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., in press.
  • Boldi, R. A. 1992. A model of the ion chemistry of electri-fied convection. PhD Thesis, MIT, 206 pp.
  • Borucki, W. J. and Chameides, W. L. 1984. Lightning: estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitro-gen fixation. Rev. Geophys. Space. Phys. 22, 363–372.
  • Brasseur, G. P., Muller, J. F. and Granier, C. 1996. Atmospheric impact of NO emissions by subsonic aircraft: a three-dimensional model study. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1423–1428.
  • Burns, R. C. and Hardy, R. W. 1975. Nitrogen fixation in bacteria and higher plants. Spinger-Verlag, New York.
  • Chamedies, W. L., Stedman, D. H., Dickerson, R. R., Rusch, D. W. and Cicerone, R. J. 1977. NO produc-tion in lightning. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 143–149.
  • Christian, H. J., Blakeslee, R. J. and Goodman, S. J. 1989. The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 13,329–13,337
  • Christian, H. J., Driscoll, K. T., Goodman, S. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Mach, D. A. and Buechler, D. E. 1996. The Optical Transient Detector. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Atmospheric electri-city. International Commission of Atmospheric Elec-tricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 368–371.
  • Christian, H. J. and Latham, J. 1998. Satellite measure-ments of global lightning. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 124, 1771–1773.
  • Cooray, V. 1997. Energy dissipation in lightning flashes. J. Geophys. Res. 102, D17, 21,401-21,410.
  • Crutzen, P. J. 1970. The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 96, 320–327.
  • Franzblau, E. and Popp, R. R. 1989. Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 11,089–11,104
  • Goodman, S. J., Christian, H. J. and Rust, W. D. 1988. A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above the clouds. J. Appl. Meteor. 27, 1369–1380.
  • Goodman, S. J. and Christian, Jr., H.J.% 1993. Global observations of lightning. In: Atlas of satellite observa-tions related to global change (eds. Gurney, R. J., Foster, J. L. and Parkinson, C. L.). Cambridge Univ. Press, 191–219.
  • Griffing, G. W. 1977. Ozone and oxides of nitrogen production during thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 943–950.
  • Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J. and Ephraums. J. J. (eds.), 1995. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change: The IPCC Scientific Assessments. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
  • Idone, V. P. and Orville, R. E. 1988. Channel tortuosity variation in Florida triggered lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 645–648.
  • Kumar, P. P., Manohar, G. K. and Kandalgaunkar, S. S. 1995. Global distribution of nitric oxide produced by lightning and its seasonal variation. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 11,203–11,208
  • Lawrence, M. G., Chameides, W. L., Kasibhatls, P. S., Levy II, H., and Moxim, W. 1995. Lightning and atmo-spheric chemistry: the rate of atmospheric NO produc-tion. In: Handbook of Atmospheric electrodynamics, vol. 1 (ed. Volland H.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 189–202.
  • Levine, J. S., Rogowski, R. S., Gregory, G. L., Howell, W. E. and Fishman, J. 1981. Simultaneous measure-ments of NQ, NO, and 03 production in a laboratory discharge: atmospheric implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 357–360.
  • Liaw, Y. P., Sisterson, D. L. and Miller, N. L. 1990. Comparison of field, laboratory, and theoretical esti-mates of global nitrogen fixation by lightning. J. Geo-phys. Res. 95, 22,489–22,494
  • Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C. and McElroy, M. B. 1981. Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspec-tive. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7210–7254.
  • MacGorman, D. R. and Rust, W. D. 1998. The electrical nature of storms. Oxford University Press, New York, 422 pp.
  • Mackerras, D., Darveniza, M., Orville, R. E., Williams, E. R. and Goodman, S. J. 1998. Global lightning: total, cloud, and ground flash estimates. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19,791–19,809
  • Mohr, K. I. and Zipser, E. J. 1996. Defining mesoscale convective systems by their 85-GHz ice scattering sig-natures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 1179–1189.
  • Noxon, J. F. 1976. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 463–465.
  • Orville, R. E. 1982. Lightning detection from space. In: Handbook of Atmospherics, vol. II (ed. Volland H.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 79–98.
  • Orville, R. E. and Salanave, L. E. 1970. Lightning spec-troscopy - photographic techniques. J. Appl. Optics 9, 1774–1781.
  • Orville, R. E. and Henderson, R. W. 1986. Global distri-bution of midnight lightning, September 1977 to August 1978. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114, 2640–2653.
  • Orville, R. E. 1994. Cloud-to-ground lightning flash char-acteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 10,833–10,841
  • Orville, R. E. and Spencer, D. W. 1979. Global lightning flash frequency. Mon. Wea. Rev. 107, 934–943.
  • Prather, M. and Logan, J. A. 1994. Combustion's impact on the global atmosphere. In: 25th Internal Symposium on Combustion. Combust. Inst., Pittsburgh, Penn., 1513–1527.
  • Prentice, S. A. and Mackerras, D. 1977. The ratio of cloud to cloud-ground lightning observations from TOGA COARE: selective results and lightning loca-tion algorithms. J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 545–550.
  • Price, C., Penner, J. and Prather, M. 1997a. NO from lightning (1). Global distribution based on lightning physics. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5929–5941.
  • Price, C., Penner, J. and Prather, M. 1997b. NO from lightning (2). Constrained from the global atmospheric electric circuit. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5942–5951.
  • Ramanathan, V. and Dickinson, R. E. 1979. The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the Earth-tropospheric system. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1084–1104.
  • Strand, A. and Hov, 0. 1996. The impact of man-made and natural NO emissions on the upper tropospheric ozone: a two-dimensional model study. Atmos. Environ. 30, 1291-1303.
  • Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric chem-istry and physics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1326 pp.
  • Uman, M. A. 1987. The lightning discharge. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 377 pp.
  • Wang, Y., DeSilva, A. W., Goldenbaum, C. G. and Dickerson, R. R. 1998. Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: dependence on current, energy, and pressure. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19,149–19,159.
  • Simpson, J., Adler, R. F. and North, G. 1998. A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69, 278–295.
  • Zerdovitch, Y. B. and Raizer, Y. P. 1966. Physics of shock waves and high temperature hydrodynamic phenomena. Academic Press, New York.
  • Zipser, E. J. 1994. Deep cumulonimbus cloud systems in the tropics with or without lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 1837–1851.