Emission fluxes and atmospheric degradation of monoterpenes above a boreal forest: field measurements and modelling

REFERENCES

• Atkinson, R. 1997. Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds: 1. Alkanes and alkenes. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 26, 215–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellier, P. and Brunet, Y. 1992. Flux-gradient relation-ships above tall plant canopies. Agric. For. Meteor. 58, 93–117.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. S., Hummelshoj, P., Jensen, N.O.., Larsen, B., Lohse, C., Pilegaard, K. and Skov, H. 2000. Determination of the terpene flux from orange species and norway spruce by relaxed eddy accumulation. Atmos. Environ. 34, 3057–3067
   Google Scholar
• Christoffersen, T. S., Hjorth, J., Hone, O., Jensen, N. R., Kotzias, D., Molander, L. L., Neeb, P., Ruppert, L., Winterhalter, R., Virkkula, A., Wirtz, K. and Larsen, B. R. 1998. Cis-pinic acid, a possible precursor for organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of a-pinene. Atmos. Environ. 10, 1657–1661.
   Google Scholar
• Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Dipalo, V., Valentini, R., Tirone, G., Seufert, G., Bertin, N., Hansen, U., Csiky, O., Lenz, R. and Sharma, M. 1999. Emission of reactive terpene compounds from orange orchards and their removal by within-canopy pro-cesses. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8077–8094
   Google Scholar
• Darmais, S., Dutaur, L., Larsen, B., Cieslik, S., Luch-etta, L., Simon, V. and Torres, L. 2000. Emission fluxes of VOC by orange trees determined by both relaxed eddy accumulation and vertical gradient approaches. Chemosphere: Global Change Sci. 2, 47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Forkel, R., Stockwell, W. R. and Steinbrecher, R. 1999. Multilayer canopy/chemistry model to simulate the effect of in-canopy processes on the emission rates of biogenic VOCs. In: Borell, P. M. and Borell, P. (eds), Proceedings of the EUROTRAC-2 Symp. 98, pp. 45-49, Southampton. Witpress.
   Google Scholar
• Galmarini, S., Vild-Guerau de Arellano, J., and Duyn-kerke, P. G. 1997. Scaling the turbulent transport of chemical compounds in the surface layer under neutral and stratified conditions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 123, 223–242
   Google Scholar
• Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K. and Fall, R. 1993. Isoprene and mono-terpene emission rate variability: model evaluations and sensitivity analyses. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12609–12617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haataja, J. and Vesala, T. (eds) 1997. SMEAR II station for measuring forest ecosystem - atmosphere relations, vol. 17. University of Helsinki Department of Forest Ecology Publications, Orivesi.
   Google Scholar
• Hagerman, L. M., Aneja, V. P. and Lonneman, W. A. 1997. Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in the rural southeast United States. Atmos. Environ. 31, 4017–4038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, T. 1995. Adsorptive preconcentration tech-nique including oxidant scavenging for the measure-ment of reactive natural hydrocarbons in ambient air. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 351, 41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, T., Bandur, R., Marggraf, U. and Linscheid, M. 1998. Molecular composition of organic aerosols formed in the a-pinene/O, reaction: implications for new particle formation processes. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25569–25578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högström, U. 1988. Non-dimensional wind and temper-ature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: a reevaluation. Bound-Layer Meteor. 42, 55–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, M. and Kamens, R. M. 1999. Newly characterized products and composition of secondary aerosols from the reaction of a-pinene with ozone. Atmos. Environ. 33, 459–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janson, R., Rosman, K., Karlsson, A. and Hansson, H.-C. 2001. Biogenic emissions and gaseous precursors to the forest aerosol. Tellus 53B, 423–440.
   Google Scholar
• Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J. 1994. Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York. 289 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kavouras, I. G., Mihalopoulos, N. and Stephanou, E. G. 1998. Formation of atmospheric particles from organic acids produced by forests. Nature 395 (6703), 683–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavouras, I. G., Mihalopoulos, N. and Stephanou, E. G. 1999. Formation and gas/particle partitioning of monoterpenes photo-oxidation products over forests. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 55–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Schafer, L., Schebeske, G., Wolf, A., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Ciccioli, P., Frattoni, M., Dutaur, L., Fugit, J. L., Simon, V. and Torres, L. 1998. Simultaneous field measurements of terpene and isoprene emissions from two dominant Mediterranean oak species in relation to a north American species. Atmos. Environ. 11, 1947–1953.
   Google Scholar
• Kesselmeier, L. and Staudt, M. 1999. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (voc): an overview on emission, physiology and ecology. J. Atmos. Chem. 33,23–88.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, S., Winterhalter, R., Kolloff, A., Uherek, E. and Neeb, P. 1999. Formation of dicarboxylic acids in the gas phase ozonolysis of terpenes. In: Proceedings of the EC/EUROTRAC-2 Joint Workshop, pp. 20-22, Aachen.
   Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P. P., Makeld, J. M., Pirjola, L., Nilsson, E. D., Buzorius, G., Rannik, O., Maso, M. D., Seidl, W., Hoffmann, T., Janson, R., Hansson, H. C., Viisanen, Y., Laaksonen, A. and O'Dowd, C. D. 2001. Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR). Tellus 53B, 327–343.
   Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L. and Makeld, J. M. 2000. Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature 404, 66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, D. A., (ed.) 1999. Gas and particle phase measure-ments of atmospheric organic compounds, vol. 2 of Advances in enviromental, industrial and process control technologies. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Leaitch, W. R., Bottenheim, J. W., Biesenthal, T. A., Li, S. M., Liu, P. S. K., Asalian, K., Dryfhoutclark, H., Hopper, F. and Brechtel, F. 1999. A case study of gas-to-particle conversion in an eastern Canadian forest. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8095–8111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makeld, J. M., Aalto, P., Jokinen, V., Pohja, T., Nis-sinen, A., Palmroth, S., Markkanen, T., Seitsonen, K., Lihavainen, H. and Kulmala, M. 1997. Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 1219–1222.
   Google Scholar
• Marti, J. J., Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F., Tanner, D. and Jefferson, A. 1997. New particle formation at a remote continental site: assessing the contri-butions of SO2 and organic precursors. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6331–6339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannik, O. 1998. On the surface layer similarity at a complex forest site. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 8685–8697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne, J., Hakola, H., Laurila, T. and Rannik, U. 2000. Canopy scale monoterpene emissions of Pinus sylvestris dominated forests. Atmos. Environ. 34, 1099–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Schween, J. H., Dlugi, R., Hewitt, C. N. and Foster, P. 1997. Determination and accuracy of VOC-fluxes above the pine/oak forest at Castelporziano. Atmos. Environ. (Suppl. 1), 199–215.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbrecher, R., Hauff, K., Hakola, H. and Rössler, J. 1999. A revised parametrisation for emission model-ling of isoprenoids for boreal plants. In: Laurila, T. and Lindfors, V. (eds), Biogenic VOC emission and photochemistry in the boreal regions of Europe, pp. 29–43. European Communities 1999 EUR 18910 EN.
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell, W. R., Kirchner, F., Kuhn, M. and Seefeld, S. 1997. A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 25847–25879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesala, T., Haataja, J., Aalto, P., Altimir, N., Buzorius, G., Garam, E., Hämeri, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Jokinen, V., Keronen, P., Lahti, T., Markkanen, T., Mäkelä, J. M., Nikinmaa, E., Palmroth, S., Palva, L., Pohja, T., Pum-panen, J., Rannik, O., Siivola, Y., Ylitalo, H., Hari, P. and Kulmala, M. 1998. Long-term field measurements of atmosphere—surface interactions in boreal forest combining forest ecology, micrometeorology, aerosol physics and atmospheric chemistry. Trends in Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer 4, 17–35.
   Google Scholar
• Vild-Gerau de Arellano, J., and Duynkerke, P. G. 1995. Atmospheric surface layer similarity theory applied to chemically reactive species. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 1397–1408
   Google Scholar
• Wesely, M. L. 1989. Parameterization of surface resist-ances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models. Atmos. Environ. 23, 1293–1304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J., Cocker III, D. R., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1999. Gas-phase ozone oxidation of monoterpenes: Gaseous and particulate products. J. Atmos. Chem. 34, 207–258.
   Google Scholar