93
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing on the ventilation of CFCs in the North Atlantic in an isopycnic coordinate OGCM

, &
Pages 837-854 | Received 17 Jul 2002, Accepted 24 Jan 2003, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Andrie, C., Ternon, J., Bourles, B., Gouriou, Y. and Oudot, C. 1999. Tracer distributions and deep circulation in the west-ern tropical Atlantic during CITHER 1 and ETAMBOT cruises, 1993-1996. J. Geophys. Res. 104, C9, 21 195-21 215.
  • Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V. 1977. Computational design of the basic processes of the UCLA General Circulation Model. Meth. Comput. Phys. 17, 174–265.
  • Bentsen, M., Evensen, G., Drange, H. and Jenkins, A. D. 1999. Coordinate transformation on a sphere using con-formal mapping. Mon. Wea. Rev. 127, 2733–2740.
  • Bentsen, M. and Drange, H. 2000. Parameterizing surface fluxes in ocean models using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Tech. Rep. No. 4. Kjeller, Norway: Norwegian In-stitute for Air Research. (In RegClim, Regional Climate Development Under Global Warming General Technical Report)
  • Bentsen, M. 2002. Modelling ocean climate variability of the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas,. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
  • Bleck, R., Rooth, C., Hu, D. and Smith, L. T. 1992. Salinity-driven thermohaline transients in a wind- and thermohaline-forced isopycnic coordinate model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 1486–1515.
  • Bleck, R., Dean, S., Keefe, M. 0. and Sawdey, A. 1995. A comparison of data-parallel and message-passing versions of the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model. Parallel Computing 21, 1695–1720.
  • Bower, A. and Hunt, H. 2000. Lagrangian observations of deep western boundary current in the north atlantic ocean. Part i: Large-scale pathways and spreading rates. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 764–783.
  • Broecker, W. 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4, 79–89.
  • Bryan, F. 1987. Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr 17, 970–985.
  • Bryden, H., Griffiths, M., Lavin, A., Millard, R., Parrilla, G. and Smethie, W. 1996. Decadal changes in water mass characteristics at 24°N in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. J.Climate 9,3162–3186.
  • Curry, R. and McCartney, M. S. 2001. Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Phys. Oceanogr 31, 3374–3400.
  • Dickson, R. R. and Brown, J. 1994. The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Sources, rates and pathways. J. Geo-phys. Res. 99, C6, 12 319-12 341.
  • Dixon, K., Bullister, J., Gammon, R. and Stouffer, R. 1996. Examining a coupled climate model using CFC-11 as an ocean tracer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1957–1960.
  • Drange, H. and Simonsen, K. 1996. Formulation of air—sea fluxes in the ESOP2 version of MICOMTech. Rep. No. 125. Edv. Griegsv. 3A, N-5059 Solheimsviken, Nor-way: Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center. Drange, H. and Bleck, R. 1997. Multi-dimensional forward-in-time and upstream-in-space based differencing for flu-ids. Mon. Wea. Rev. 125, 616–630.
  • Dutay, J., Bullister, J., Doney, S., On, J., Najjar, R., Caldeira, K., Campin, J., Drange, H., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gruber, N., Hecht, M., Ishida, A., Joos, E, Lindsay, K., Madec, G., Marier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Plattner, G., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Tot-terdell, I., Weirig, M., Yamanaka, Y. and Yool, A. 2002. Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: com-parison of 13 global ocean models. Ocean Modelling 4, 89–120.
  • Eden, C. and Jung, T. 2001. North Atlantic interdecadal vari-ability: oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate 14, 676–691.
  • England, M. and Holloway, G. 1998. Simulations of CFC content and water mass age in the deep North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 103, C8, 15 885-15 901.
  • England, M. and Maier-Reimer, E. 2001. Using chemical tracers to assess ocean models. Rev. Geophys. 39, 29–70. Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Rogers, D. P., Edson, J. B. and Young, G. S. 1996. Bulk parameterization of air—sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101, C2, 3747–3764.
  • Friedrich, H. and Levitus, S. 1972. An approximation to the equation of state for sea water, suitable for numerical ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr 2, 514–517.
  • Furevik, T., Bentsen, M., Drange, H., Johannessen, J. A and Korablev, A. 2002. Temporal and spatial variability of the sea surface salinity in the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res. 107, C12, 10-1-10–16
  • Ganachaud, A. and Wunsch, C. 2000. Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature 408, 453–457.
  • Gargett, A. 1984. Vertical eddy in the ocean interior. J. Ma-rine. Res. 42, 359–393.
  • Gaspar, P. 1988. Modeling the seasonal cycle of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr 18, 161–180.
  • Gloersen, P., Campbell, W. J., Cavalieri, D. J., Comiso, J. C. and Zwally, C. L. P. H. J. 1992. Artic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Gordon, A. 1986. Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 5037–5046.
  • Hansen, B. and Osterhus, S. 2000. North Atlantic—Nordic Seas exchanges. Prog. Oceanogr 45, 109–208.
  • Harder, M. 1996. Dynamik, Rauhigkeit und Alter des Meereises in der Arktis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alfred-Wegner-Institut fiir Polar- ind Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
  • Hartman, D. L. 1994. Global physical climatorology. Aca-demic Press, New York, 171–203.
  • Hasumi, H. and Suginohara, N. 1999. Effects of locally enhanced vertical diffusivity over rough bathymetry on the world ocean circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 104, C10, 23 367-23 374.
  • Hibler, W. 1979. A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr 9, 815–846.
  • Jones, E., Rudels, B. and Anderson, L. 1995. Deep waters of the Arctic Ocean: origins and circulation. Deep Sea Res. 42, 737–760.
  • Kalnay, E., et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer Meteorol. Soc. 77,437–471.
  • Ledwell, J. R. and Watson, A. J. 1993. Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature 364, 701–703.
  • Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J. and Law, C. S. 1998. Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline. J. Geophys. Res. 103, C10, 21 449-21 529.
  • Ledwell, J. R., Montgomery, E., Polzin, K., Laurent, L., Schmitt, R. and Toole, J. 2000. Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Na-ture 403, 179–182.
  • Levitus, S. and Boyer, T. P. 1994. World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4. Wash-ington, D.C., USA.
  • Levitus, S., Burgett, R. and Boyer, T. P. 1994. World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 3: Salinity,. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3. Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. 1999. The role of thermohaline circulation in climate. Tellus 51B, 92–109.
  • McCartney, M. S. and Talley, L. D. 1982. The subpolar mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1169–1188.
  • McDougall, T. and Dewar, W. 1998. Vertical mixing, cabbeling and thermobaricity in layered models. J. Phys. Oceanogr 1458–1480.
  • Munk, W. and Wunsch, C. 1998. Abyssal recipes ii: Ener-getics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep Sea Res. 45, 1977–2010.
  • New, A., Bleck, R., Jia, Y., Marsh, R., Huddleston, M. and Bernard, S. 1995. An ispoycnic model study of the North Atlantic. Part I: Model experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 2679–2711.
  • Nilsson, J. and Walin, G. 2001. Freshwater forcing as a booster of thermohaline circulation. Tellus 53A, 628-640.
  • Pickart, R. 1992. Water mass components of North Atlantic deep western boundary current. Deep Sea Res., Part A 39, 1553–1572.
  • Pickart, R., Smethie W., Jr, Lazier, J., Jones, E. and Jenk-ins, W. 1996. Eddies of newly formed upper Labrador Sea Water. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 20711–20726.
  • Rahmstorf, S. and Ganopolski, A. 1999. Long-term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled cli-mate model. Clim. Change 43, 353–367.
  • Roach, A., Aagaard, K., Pease, C., Salo, S., Wein-gartner, T., Pavlov, V. and Kulakov, M. 1995. Di-rect measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18443–18457.
  • Rudels, B., Jones, E., Anderson, L. and Kanner, G. 1994. On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. In The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment: The Nansen Centennial Volume(eds. 0. Jo-hannessen, R. Muench and J. Overland)(Vol. 85, of AGU Geophysical Monograph, 33-46). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
  • Schmittner, A. and Weaver, A. 2001. Dependence of multiple climate states on ocean mixing parameters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1027–1030.
  • Schmitz Jr. W. J. 1995. On the interbasin-scale thermohaline circulation. Rev. Geophys. 33, 151–173.
  • Smethie, Jr, W. M., Fine, R., Putzka, A. and Jones, E. 2000. Tracing the flow of north atlantic deep water using chlorofluorocarbons. J. Geophys. Res. 105, C6, 14297-14 323.
  • Smolarkiewicz, P. K. 1984. A fully multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm with small implicit diffusion. J. Comput. Phys. 54, 325–362.
  • Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Clark, T. L. 1986. The multidi-mensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: Further development and applications. J. Comput. Phys. 67, 396–438.
  • Sun, S. and Bleck, R. 2001. Thermohaline circulation stud-ies with an isopycnic coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31, 2761–2782.
  • Toole, J. M., Polzin, K. L. and Schmitt, R. W. 1994. Estimates of diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 264, 1120–1123.
  • Walker, S., Weiss, R. and Salameh, P. 2000. Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and carbon tetrachloride. J. Geophys. Res. 105, C6, 14 285-14 296.
  • Wanninkhof, R. 1992. Relationship Between Wind Speed and Gas Exchange Over the Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 97, C5, 7373–7382.
  • Warren, B. 1981. Deep circulation of the world ocean. In: Evolution of Physical Oceanography, Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel. (eds. B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch), MIT Press, New York, 6–41
  • Weiss, R. E, Bullister, J. L., Gammon, R. H. and Warner, M. J. 1985. Atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes in the deep equatorial Atlantic. Nature 314, 608–610.